مفهوم زیارت و گردشگری در مشهد
زیارت، بخش اصلی گردشگری زیارتی است که مقصود اصلی آن را، گردشگر زیارتی یا زائر را تشکیل میدهد و نمیتواند معادل با کل سفر زیارتی یا گردشگری زیارتی قرار گیرد.
معاون زیارت استانداری خراسان رضوی، آقای واحدی در سخنانی در پژوهشکده گردشگری جهاد دانشگاهی گفت که ما گردشگری را جدای از زیارت و مکمل آن میدانیم. این اولین بحث نظری دوگانه گردشگری- زیارت در استان خراسان رضوی نیست. پیشتر نیز برخی مقامات دینی و شهری استان با جدا دانستن زیارت از گردشگری، تاکید کردهاند که در مشهد بایستی “زیارت” مورد توجه اصلی قرار گیرد تا “گردشگری”.
دغدغه کجاست؟
به نظر میرسد آنچه منشاء این دغدغه شده، فضای مفهومی است که معادل واژه توریسم تحت عنوان گردشگری ایجاد میکند. دلالت مفهومی گردش همراه با اوقات فراغت و تفریح است. در ادبیات عامه، وقتی میخواهیم به تفریحی بپردازیم که همراه با جابهجایی مکانی باشد، میگوییم “رفتیم گردش”!
به همین خاطر، این دغدغه در بین متولیان دینی و زیارتی وجود دارد که غلبه واژه گردشگری بر زیارت، در مصداق نیز موجب غلبه تفریحی شدن گردشگری بر زیارت و جنبه مذهبی آن بشود. به همین ترتیب نسبت به واژه ترکیبی “گردشگری مذهبی” به جای زیارت نیز حساسیت وجود دارد. تصور میشود با اضافه کردن مذهبی به گردشگری، زیارت و جنبه مذهبی آن فرع بر جنبه تفریحی آن قرار گیرد، در حالیکه تاکید بر آن است که جنبه زیارتی سفر زائران تحت الشعاع جنبه تفریحی آن قرار نگیرد و هویت شهر مشهد به عنوان یک مقصد زیارتی تغییر نکند.
واقعیت چیست؟
واژه گردشگری معادل tourism در انگلیسی به معنای سفری است که با مقصد و مقصود معینی انجام میشود. در چنین سفری به مقصد یا مقاصد معینی میرود تا از مطلوبیت مورد نظر در آنجا استفاده کند. این مطلوبیت یا جاذبه میتواند درمان یا تقویت سلامتی باشد، لذت و تفرج باشد، یا زیارت و کسب معنویت باشد. از این رو، گردشگری در معنای واقعی آن دربردارنده هیچگونه خاصی از جاذبه و تجربه گردشگر نیست.
شاید معادل فارغ از لذت جویی واژه توریسم، سفر یا مسافرت باشد. در این صورت گردشگری مذهبی یا زیارتی معادل با سفر زیارتی میشود. در چنین معنایی، گردشگری قطعا واژهای عامتر از زیارت است. زیارت تجربه اصلی و مقصود گردشگر (مسافر) در سفر (گردشگری) خود است. از این رو تعمیم زیارت به کل تجارب و الزامات یک سفر زیارتی موجب خواهد شد تا این بخشها دیده نشوند.
نتیجه اینکه، در کاربرد تخصصی و درست واژگان باید دانست که زیارت بخش اصلی از گردشگری زیارتی است که مقصود اصلی گردشگر زیارتی یا زائر را تشکیل میدهد و نمیتواند معادل با کل سفر زیارتی یا گردشگری زیارتی قرار گیرد.
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