تربیت ناصحیح؛ زمینه ساز رفتارهای مشکلگونه در بزرگسالی
آیا تا کنون در اماکن عمومی مانند فروشگاهها با والدینی روبرو شدهاید که کودکانشان را با کلماتی نازیبا خطاب میکنند و با و برچسب زدن به کودکان ، آنها را سرزنش کنند؟ قطعا بارها این اتفاق افتاده است. آیا در دل آنها را ملامت کردهاید؟ در مورد این افراد چه فکری کردهاید؟ فراموش نکنید که اگر به رفتار خودتان نیز با دقت توجه کنید و نگاه منصفانهای نیز به برخوردهای خود با فرزندانتان داشته باشید بی شک میتوانید رفتارهای مشابهی را که شایسته سرزنش است بیابید.
به عنوان مثال احتمالا کودک شما علیرغم اینکه بارها به او تذکر دادهاید، باز هم لباسها و اسباب بازیهایش را در گوشه و کنار خانه جا گذاشته است و ممکن است شما او را تنبل خطاب کرده باشید یا به او برچسب بینظم زده باشید. گاهی حتی ممکن است به کودک خود لقب انسان قدرنشناس یا ناسپاس داده باشید.
این نوع تفکر و استفاده از این کلمات و برچسب زدن به کودکان چه اشکالی دارد؟ اگر چه استفاده از این کلمات در میان والدین بسیار رایج است اما باید توجه داشت که روانشناسان در مورد آثار مخرب آنها بر روی کودکان هشدار دادهاند. همچنین استفاده از برچسبهای مثبت نیز به همان اندازه خطرناک هستند.
در ادامه با یک روانشناس بالینی و جامعهشناس پیرامون این موضوع به گفتوگو نشسته که به آن میپردازیم.
یک روان شناس بالینی گفت: تحقیر کردن و مقایسه کودکان می تواند منجبر به بروز آسیب های روانی و عاطفی در آنان شود.
حمید فرزادی روان شناس بالینی در گفتگو با خبرنگار “صبح امروز” افزود: یکی از موضوعاتی که در روانشناسی بالینی و روانشناسی کودک حائز اهمیت است تأثیر الگوی روابط والدین با فرزندان در طول سالهای حساس رشد است و این مسئله برای روانشناسان بسیار مهم است .
وی تشریح کرد: سال های اولیه رشد و دوران کودکی تأثیر بسیار زیادی بر سلامت روان در سالهای بعد دارد.
حمید فرزادی اشاره کرد: آسیب هایی همچون افسردگی، وسواس، اضطراب،فوبیا و دیگر اختلالاتی که در دوران بلوغ، بزرگسالی و میان سالی خود را نشان می دهند ریشه در دوران کودکی و نحوه الگوی تربیتی والدین دارد، تاثیراصلی ساختار الگوهای تربیتی درسیستم روانی در بزرگسالی می باشد.
“بحران های روانی بزرگسالی در کودکی شکل گرفته اند”
حمید فرزادی ابراز کرد: افراد بالغ الگوهای فکری و شخصیتی و مهارت های اجتماعی شان از خانواده و اجتماع دریافت می کنند اما پایه آن در خانواده است ، در سال های اولیه رشد، کودکان کمترین تعامل را با جامعه دارند اما بعد ازاینکه وارد مدرسه می شوند و در دوران بلوغ تاثیرات اجتماعی بیشتر می شود.اما در سال های اولیه بدون شک تاثیر خانواده ها بیشتر است.
حمید فرزادی روان شناس بالینی مطرح کرد: در خانواده هایی که تشنج زیاد است ، عصبی هستند و رفتار های پرخاشگرانه دارند،خانواده هایی که والدین رفتارهای بیمار گونه ای همچون مقایسه کردن ، تحقیر و سرزنش را انجام می دهند باعث ایجاد آسیب هایی میشود که کودکان در سال های بعد افسرده تر و نگران تر هستند.
وی ادامه داد: در بسیاری از اوقات خانواده ها فکر می کنند که با برچسب زدن و تحقیر کردن فرزندان و استفاده از الفاظی مانند: ” تو هیچی نمیشی، “تو انگل اجتماع هستی” و ” تو کی میخوای بفهمی” می توانند انگیزه ای برای فعالیت کودک خود مهیا کنند ، اما به صورت مستقیم باعث تخریب ساختار روانی و اعتماد به نفس کودک می شوند.
حمید فرزادی تصریح کرد: کودکی که در سال های اولیه رشد احساس کند بی ارزش است احساس عدم امنیت در او ریشه می گیرد که باعث تخریب اعتماد به نفس و عزت نفس و خود باوری در او می شود.
وی ادامه داد: در یک فرآیند کلی این احساسات می تواند منجربه افسردگی، اضطراب و اختلالات اضطرابی و وسواس شود ، بنابراین خانواده ها باید بدانند که از سبک های تربیتی اثبات شده مانند استفاده از مشوق ها به جای تنبیه کمک بگیرند.
حمید فرزادی ابراز کرد: چه تنبیه فیزیکی و چه روانی توصیه نمیشود زیرا می تواند منجربه آسیب های صدمه زننده ای برای کودک شود.
وی عنوان کرد: مقایسه کردن میتواند به دو صورت مستقیم و غیر مستقیم باشد؛مثلا کودکی می بیند که مادرش دائم در حال تشویق پسرخاله اش که نمراتش از او بهتر است می باشد، اما خود و توان مندی هایش کمتر مورد توجه است ، مفهومی که در ذهن این کودک شکل می گیرد این است که من به اندازه کافی خوب نیستم، یعنی افرادی که این تصور در ذهنشان شکل می گیرد که من به اندازه کافی خوب نیستم افرادی می شوند که عموما مهر طلب هستند و تمایل بسیار زیادی دارند که جلب توجه کنند، وهمیشه یک اضطراب یا نگرانی از اینکه توسط دیگران تایید می شوم یا نمی شوم در آن ها وجود دارد که این خود مبنای شکل گیری خطاهای شناختی است.
حمید فرزادی روان شناس بالینی در پایان سخنان خود تاکید کرد: پدر و مادری که به فرزند خود پشت می کنندو به اندازه کافی از اومراقبت نمیکنند یا اورا مورد غفلت قرار میدهند و به توانایی های او بی توجه هستند او را دچار آسیب میکنند.
به کودکان خودمان انگ نزنیم
یک جامعهشناس گفت: زیاد پیش می آید که از والدین میشنویم که بچه من خیلی لجبازه، خیلی غر میزنه، خیلی تنبله، خیلی طلبکاره و …
فاطمه طاهری افزود: امروز در مترو مادری در دفاع از ایده لجبازی بچه اش، وقتی برایش توضیح دادم که باید روش درست مواجهه با کودکان را بیاموزیم، گفت خانم باور کنید بچه های دهه نود با هشتادی ها هم فرق دارند. پرسیدم چه فرقی؟
گفت خیلی میدانند، سر از همه چیز در می آورند، اصلا نمیشود گولشان زد.
وی تصریح کرد: درست میگفت بچه ها با عصر اطلاعات و دانش روز هماهنگ هستند و به همین دلیل مادران و پدرانی که هنوز در شیوه های تربیتی و گاه غیر علمی گذشته سیر می کنند، حریفشان نمی شوند.
طاهری بیان کرد: چگونه میشود کودکی را که ار نوزادی بزرگ میکنیم، در اطلاعات از ما پیشی بگیرد؟
بی شک ما به اندازه لازم در باره فرزند پروری اطلاعات نداریم . چند درصد از مادران و پدران کتاب کودک میخوانند؟
چند درصد میدانند که مراحل رشد اجتماعی و روانی کودکان، چه ملزوماتی دارد؟
پس این کودکان نیستند که پیشرو و گستاخند، بلکه این ما هستیم که آگاهی لازم را در فرایند تربیت نداریم.
وی ابراز کرد: اینکه گفتم به کودکان انگ نزنیم به این دلیل است که کودک آن صفت دا می پذیرد و تلاشی هم برای اصلاح آن بکار نمی برد.
جعفری گفت: در واقع کودک اگر فکر کند ارزیابی دیگران از او فردی تنبل است به این ارزیابی تن می دهد و به همین روال ادامه می دهد و بکار بردن صفات مثبت برای کودکان کمک بیشتری به خودسازی و تربیت آنها میکند.





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