«ژن خودخواه»
از زمانی که ریچارد داکینز در کتاب «ژن خودخواه» نوشت «اگر روزی موجودات برتر فضایی از زمین بازدید کنند اولین پرسششان برای ارزیابی سطح تمدن ما این است که: آیا آنها هنوز تکامل طبیعی را کشف کردهاند؟» بیش از ۴۰ سال میگذرد. گرچه از زمان داروین، در مدتی بیش از یک قرن، تلاشهای زیادی برای درک و توضیح سرشت انتخاب طبیعی از سوی مجامع علمی صورت گرفته است، اما کتاب «ژن خودخواه» این مبحث را با نگاهی نو و نگارشی همهفهم وارد اذهان و فرهنگ عمومی کرد. ایدهمحوری کتاب «ژن خودخواه» این است که تنازع بقا و تقلا برای نامیرایی و جاودانگی در سطح ژنها رخ میدهد و افراد، خانواده و گونهها صرفا حاملهایی برای ژنها و گذر آنها از نسلی به نسل دیگر هستند. در این دیدگاه، از آنجا که ژنها – به زبان استعاره – خودخواهاند، رفتارهای تمام موجودات زنده در خدمت آنهاست و در واقع، بدن هر موجود یک مستعمره ژنی و ماشین بقای ژنهاست. پیش از این رفتارهای موجودات زنده را در خدمت بقای فرد، خانواده، گروه یا گونه میدانستند نه ژن. بنابراین برآیند رفتار ژنها در سطح فردی و اجتماعی فداکاری است، نه خودخواهی که باعث سوءتفاهمها و مجادلات بسیاری شده است.
همچنین بسط نظریه راهبرد پایدار تکاملی در کتاب «ژن خودخواه» ریشههای طبیعی راستی و درستی در رفتار را به دست میدهد. دیدگاه ژنمحور داکینز به تکامل طبیعی تلاشهای بزرگان این عرصه در قرن بیستم را به عصر ژنوم و زیستشناسی ملکولی گره زده و باب نوینی در پژوهشهای مرتبط با تکامل طبیعی باز کرده است. نیز در این کتاب، برای نخستینبار واژه «مم» به عنوان یک واحد فرهنگی تکاملی که شبیه به ژنها همانندسازی و خودخواهانه رفتار میکند معرفی شده است. مم با رفتن از مغزی به مغزی دیگر بقا یافته و تکثیر میشود. مم، پس از معرفی، موضوع پژوهشهای بسیاری بوده است. برخی از مثالهای مم، آهنگها، ترانهها، اندیشهها، اشعار، گزینگویهها، مدهای لباس، شیوههای ساخت ظروف، عکسها، فیلمها و… هستند…
کتاب «ژن خودخواه» نوشته ریچارد داکینز با ترجمه دکتر جلال سلطانی دانشآموخته دکترای ژنتیک ملکولی از دانشگاه لایدن هلند و عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا در همدان در ۴۳۲ صفحه، با شمارگان ۱۱۰۰ نسخه و قیمت ۲۸ هزار تومان در اتشارات مازیار راهی بازار نشر شده است.
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