معماری ایرانی و تلاش برای جست وجوی هویت در شهرهای جدید
حفظ و احیای هویت ایرانی_ اسلامی در معماری و شهرسازی از جمله رویکردهای مهمی است که باید با هدف روحبخشی به سیمای شهرهایمان مورد توجه قرار گیرد. یکی از مهم ترین ابعاد مدیریت شهری توجه به جنبه های روانی و هویتی شهر است و از این منظر، توجه به بعضی ظرفیتها به ویژه در حوزه معماری، ضروری مینماید.در دهه های اخیر توسعه بیرویه شهرها و شتاب گرفتن روند شهرسازی در کشور ما با مسائل و چالش هایی روبهرو بوده است. کمرنگ شدن ارزشها، بی هویتی در سیما و ساختار شهرها، استفاده نکردن از دانش لازم در این عرصه و حتی ناکارآمدی مدرنیسم در شهرسازی و… از جمله این موارد است.
حقیقت آن است که بهکارگیری و تقلید بیرویه از معماری غربی، ظاهر توسعهیافته شهرهای ما را دستخوش تغییر کرده است. همین امر باعث بی اعتنایی به بسترهای فرهنگی ما در این حوزه و خلق آثار بی هویت شده است.
به بیان دیگر، معماری اصیل کشور ما با آن سابقه دیرینه خود ، جایگاه درخوری داشت اما ورود تفکرات غربی، نگاه آن را دستخوش تغییر کرد. توسعه بیرویه و پرشتاب شهری نیز به این روند کمک کرد.
نتیجه آن تخریب بافتهای هویتی مراکز شهری بود. مصداق آن را میتوان در بافت پیرامونی حرم مطهر رضوی یا بافت مرکزی شهرهای شیراز و ری مشاهده کرد. بی توجهی دیروز حالا به یک دغدغه بدل شده است. خلاصه آن که این رویکرد هر روز ما را بیشتر از ریشههایمان دور میکند. معماری ایرانی هویت اصیلی داشته که همواره مورد توجه جهانیان است و جایگاهی ارزشمند در این حوزه دارد.
در بسیاری از کشورهای جهان برای حفظ و احیای معماری تاریخی هزینههای فراوانی می شود و به منظور غنا بخشیدن به جایگاه این هنر، تلاش می شود بازنمودی از آن در سیمای جدید شهرها، تکرار شود. تمامی این اقدامات در نهایت هویت و اصالت آن شهر را افزون می سازد و یک زیبایی بصری به نفع روان شهر، رقم می زند.
در واقع یکی از عواملی که باعث شد این شرایط شکل بگیرد، نوع مدیریت دستگاه های متولی در این حوزه بود که تلاش کرد از معماران و شهرسازان با تجربه عبور کند و سعی بر تحمیل ایده های خود داشت. این در حالی است که مدیریت کلان و دولتی می بایست خلاقیت معماران اصیل و با تجربه را به منصه ظهور برساند.
بنابراین مشکل عمده ضعف در رویکردهای مدیریت و فاصله گرفتن از تفکر و تجربه هنرمندان و متخصصان این حوزه است. بخشی از این شرایط را نیز باید پای غفلتها در حوزه های نظارتی نوشت. سیمای شهرهای ما اگر امروز به هویتمان نزدیک نیست لااقل باید همگرایی داشته باشد تا به شلختگی دچار نشود، امری که در سال های گذشته از آن غفلت شده است.
از این رو می بایست هنرمندان، تشکل های صنفی، حرفه ای، تشکل های مردمی و شوراها بستر تبلیغ و ترویج هرچه بیشتر معماری اصیل ایرانی را فراهم سازند تا بدین طریق مطالبات مردم را منعکس کنند، این تنها راه حلی است که می تواند قطار از ریل خارج شده معماری را بار دیگر به مسیر بازگرداند.
بنابراین در پایان می توان این گونه اذعان کرد که رعایت الگوی معماری ایرانی_ اسلامی در ساخت و سازها باید به مطالبه ای همگانی تبدیل شود، همه افراد مرتبط با ساخت و ساز اعم از بخش دولتی و خصوصی باید به سمت اجرای معماری اصیل و ماندگار حرکت کنند. چنان که توجه به مولفه های معماری و شهرسازی با هویت در بخش توسعه از جمله وظایف خطیر برنامه ریزان شهری و البته از مطالبات عمده اعضای جامعه نخبگان کشوری است که در زمینه تحقق اهداف ذکر شده ابتدا باید مدیران و متولیان امر گام پیش بگذارند و به اتکای تجارب صاحب نظران این حوزه، برنامههایی را تدوین کنند که قاعدهمند و دست یافتنی باشد و مجدانه تحقق آن را پیگیری کنند.امید است این روند با تشویق هر چه بیشتر مدیران و برنامه ریزی های اصولی از طرف آنان در تمام شئون شهرسازی ما تسری یابد و به ویژه به احیای هویتی بافت های فرسوده منجر شود. انتظار می رود که جایگاه رفیع معماری ایرانی، بیش از گذشته در فضای علمی و آموزشی ما نیز مورد توجه قرار گیرد. نسلهای آینده باید از اهمیت این هنر آگاه شوند و هویت محل زندگی شان را در تحقق معماری ایرانی جست وجو کنند.
شناخت معماری ایرانی به ما این فرصت را می دهد تا با انبوه ظرفیتهای آن آشنا شویم. باید اذعان کرد که معماری ایرانی اسلامی دارای یک روح غالب است که می توان آن را در معماری نوین شهری نیز دخیل کرد و مبتنی بر اقتضائات روز از آن بهره برد. این نوع نگاه، توسعه و هویت را در پیوند با یکدیگر قرار می دهد و ما را به ریشههایمان نزدیک تر میسازد.
سعید سادات نیا
عضو هیئت مدیره انجمن صنفی مهندسین مشاور معمار و شهرساز کشور
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