آیا سند همکاری ایران و چین، نیاز به تصویب در مجلس دارد؟
محسن پاک آیین
سند همکاری راهبردی ۲۵ ساله ایران و چین پس از سفر رسمی رئیس جمهور چین به ایران در سال ۱۳۹۴ در دستورکار قرار گرفت و وزرای امور خارجه دو کشور در تاریخ هفت فروردین سال ۱۴۰۰ این سند را تحت عنوان«برنامه جامع همکاری» امضاء کردند.
بر اساس مفاد قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، اگر در معاهدات و قراردادهای بین‌المللی تعهدی برای کشورمان در مقابل کشورهای دیگر ایجاد شده باشد، باید به تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی برسد.
اصل ۷۷ قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در این رابطه می گوید:
«عهدنامه‌ها، مقاوله‌نامه‌ها، قراردادها و موافقت‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی باید به تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی برسد.»
اصل ۱۲۵ قانون اساسی نیز همین موضوع را تاکید می کند:
«امضای عهدنامه‌ها، مقاوله‌نامه‌ها، موافقت‌نامه‌ها و قراردادهای دولت ایران با سایر دولتها و همچنین امضای پیمان‌های مربوط به اتحادیه‌های بین‌المللی پس از تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی با رئیس جمهور یا نماینده قانونی او است».
اما سند همکاری راهبردی ایران و چین، قرارداد، مقاوله نامه یا عهدنامه نیست بلکه یک «نقشه راه» است و آن گونه که در بخش اهداف سند آمده است «افق بلندمدت روابط در عرصه‌های مختلف برای تحقق مشارکت جامع و راهبردی و ارتقای عملی آن و فراهم ساختن بستری مناسب برای توسعه همه‌جانبه همکاری‌ها در عرصه‌های تجاری، اقتصادی، سیاسی، فرهنگی، دفاعی و امنیتی میان دو تمدن کهن آسیایی» را دنبال می کند.
این سند، وجود اراده های استوار مقامات ارشد دو کشور به منظور افزایش همکاری در زمینه های مختلف آموزشی، پژوهشی، فناوری، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و…. را نشان داده و بیانگر توافقات دوجانبه یا چندجانبه میان طرفین در طول ۲۵ سال آینده است. سند راهبردی ایران و چین، فی نفسه دارای تعهد حقوقی الزام آور نیست و به این معنی است که طرفین نظرات و اهداف مشترک داشته و برای اجرای پروژه های همکاری توافق دارند. لذا این سند یک قرارداد حقوقی و تعهدآور تلقی نمی شود و الزامات لازم را برای تایید در مجلس شورای اسلامی ندارد. البته نمایندگان محترم مجلس باید از مفاد آن آگاه باشند و می توانند در صورت تشخیص، نماینده دولت را برای توضیحات لازم به مجلس دعوت نمایند.
اینکه این سند در سفر آقای دکتر امیرعبداللهیان به چین، وارد مراحل اجرایی شده به این معناست که طرفین با تعریف پروژه‌ها، آمادگی انعقاد قرارداد در حوزه های مختلف را دارند. در این صورت قراردادهای منعقده، باید به تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی رسیده و پس از تایید شورای نگهبان، تبدیل به قانون شود. برای مثال در حوزه انرژی، وزارتخانه های نفت دو کشور پس از مذاکره در مورد اجرای یک پروژه مشخص، پیرامون تعهدات طرفین و مجاری مالی و بیمه‌ای آن به توافق رسیده و قرارداد همکاری منعقد می کنند. این قرارداد برای اجرا باید تبدیل به قانون شود و نیاز به مصوبه مجلس شورای اسلامی دارد.
بنا به توضیح آقای دکتر ظریف وزیر امور خارجه وقت، «بر اساس تفسیر حقوقی دولت و شورای عالی امنیت ملی، این سند طبق قانون اساسی و به دلیل ایجاد نکردن هیچ‌گونه تعهدی، نیازمند تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی نیست ولی نسخه‌ای از آن برای رئیس مجلس ارسال شده است. انتشار این سند همچون اسناد مشابه، نیازمند توافق هر دو طرف امضاءکننده است و عدم انتشار عمومی چنین سندهای راهبردی، متداول و معمول است.» ۱۲/۱/۱۴۰۰
با این وصف، اگر چه سند راهبردی ایران و چین، فی نفسه نیاز به تصویب در مجلس ندارد اما تمام قراردادهای منعقده بین دو دولت، در چارچوب این سند، باید پس از تنظیم به تصویب مجلس شورای اسلامی و تایید شورای نگهبان برسد. در عین حال اگر در چارچوب همین سند، قراردادهایی میان بخش های خصوصی و نهادهای غیردولتی این دوکشور منعقد شود، قرارداد بین المللی محسوب نمی شود و نیازی به تبدیل به قانون ندارد.
شایان ذکر است که عدم تبدیل سند همکاری راهبردی ایران و چین به قانون، اعتبار و اهمیت آن را کاهش نمی دهد، چرا که این سند نمایانگر اراده دو کشور برای همکاری درازمدت است و طبعا بدون وجود چنین اراده ای، اجرای قراردادهای همکاری، امکانپذیر نیست.
انتظار است در سایه انسجام و همراهی ملی، شاهد پیشرفت در اجرای این سند و تامین منافع ملت های ایران و چین و اعتلای اقتصادی کشور باشیم.
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Almanya’nın En iyi medyum olarak bir danışman için medyum haluk hocayı seçin en iyi medyum hocalardan bir tanesidir.
Almanya’nın En iyi medyum olarak bir danışman için medyum haluk hocayı seçin en iyi medyum hocalardan bir tanesidir.