نگاهی به برخورد تمدنها
در اندیشه ساموئل هانتینگتون تمدن بالاترین گروهبندی فرهنگی و گستردهترین سطح هویت فرهنگی است که انسان از آن برخودار است. به زعم او، هویت تمدنی به شکل روزافزونی مانند گذشته در آینده اهمیت مییابد؛ به عقیده او به رغم تمایل غربیها به هویت دولت-ملت در روابط بینالملل و امور جهانی، این محوریت در حال پایان است و از این پس نیز همانند گذشته تمدنها محور مسائل بشری و امور جهانی خواهند بود. او در «برخورد تمدنها» که نظریهای با همین عنوان به نامش ثبت شده است تأکید میکند که از این پس امور جهانی بر اثر کنش و واکنش هفت یا هشت تمدن بزرگ شکل خواهد گرفت.
- تمدن غرب (که خود به دو قسمت تمدن اروپایی و تمدن امریکای شمالی تقسیم میشود)
- تمدن ژاپن (که ژاپن و وابستگان فرهنگ ژاپنی را شامل میشود)
- تمدن اسلامی (که از سه تمدن فرعی یعنی، عرب، ترک و مالایی تشکیل میشود)
- تمدن هندو (که هندوان شبه قاره هند و و جنوب شرقی آسیا را در بر میگیرد)
- تمدن اسلاوی-ارتدکس (که شامل روسیه و کشورهای اروپایی شرقی میشود)
- تمدن امریکای لاتین
- و احتمالا تمدن آفریقایی
به نظر هانتینگتون، مهمترین درگیریها و برخوردهای جهان آینده در خطوط گسل میان این تمدنها روی خواهد داد و علل این برخوردها را باید در موارد زیر جست:
- اختلاف میان تمدنها اساسی است و آنها با تاریخ، فرهنگ و از همه مهمتر مذاهب مختلف از هم جدا میشوند. تلقی آنها از رابطه میان خدا و انسان، فرد و گروه، دولت و شهروندان، زن و شوهر و والدین و فرزندان متفاوت است و آنها درباره مسائلی چون آزادی، برابری و سلسله مراتب درکهای متفاوتی دارند.
- جهان در حال کوچکتر شدن است و گسترش فعل و انفعالات بین ملتها و رفت و آمد اتباع کشورها، باعث افزایش آگاهی تمدنی میشود.
- نوسازی اقتصادی و تحول گسترده در جهان بنیادهای زیرین هویتساز انسانها را سست میکند و آنها را از هویت بومی و ملیشان جدا میکند. مذهب و تمدن مهمترین نقش را در پر کردن این خلاء هویتی دارند.
- نقش دو گانه غرب از یک سو در اوج و از سوی دیگر موجب گسترش موج بازگشت به خویشتن شده است که به آگاهی تمدنی میانجامد.
- به راحتی نمیتوان بر اختلافات مذهبی میان تمدنها سرپوش گذاشت.
- منطقهگرایی اقتصادی در حال رشد است و آگاهی تمدنی را افزایش میدهد و پیوندهای درون یک تمدن را تقویت میکند.
در مجموع هانتینگتون معتقد است با وجود اینکه متأثر از آگاهی تمدنی فرهنگهای محلی در حال ذوب شدن در فرهنگهای کلانتر هستند و ملتهای دارای فرهنگ مشابه بر اثر آگاهی تمدنی به هم نزدیک میشود، با این حال برخورد تمدنها در مرزهای جغرافیایی میان تمدنها صورت میگیرد، زیرا اختلاف میان تمدنها اساسی است و نمیتوانند با هم به توافق برسند.
برگرفته از کتاب: دیپلماسی فرهنگی
نوشته: سید رضاصالحی امیری
خلاصه برداری شده از: نوید موسوی
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