یادداشت
دیسک کمری چیست؟
مهسا ایزدخواه، کارشناس ارشد آسیبشناس ورزشی
ستون فقرات و دیسکهای بین مهرهای یکی از حساسترین بخشهای بدن هستند که با انجام هر رفتار اشتباهی میتواند دردها و مشکلات جسمی زیادی را برای ما ایجاد کند؛ به همین دلیل داشتن عادتهای رفتاری درست اهمیت بسیار زیادی دارد، اما چه اقداماتی میتواند از ابتلا به دیسک کمر جلوگیری کند؟
به قسمتهای استخوانی ستون فقرات، مهره گفته میشود. دسکها در بین هر دو مهره از ستون فقرات قرار دارند. رباطهای ستون فقرات نیز به دور مهرهها و دیسکها پیچیدهاند و از آنها حفاظت میکنند. ستون فقرات دارای هفت مهره در قسمت گردنی، 12 مهره در قسمت میانی و پنج مهره در قسمت کمری است. بعد از مهرههای کمری پنج مهره خاجی قرار دارد که این مهرهها به هم چسبیدهاند و در نهایت به استخوان دنبالچه وصل شدهاند. هر یک از دیسکهای بین مهرهای از دو قسمت مرکزی و خارجی تشکیل شدهاند. قسمت مرکزی دیسک از ماده ژلهای و نرمی تشکیل شده و قسمت بیرونی که به دور مرکز دیسک قرار دارد، بافت محکمتری است.
گاهی بر اثر آسیب و فشار به کمر یا بر اثر روند طبیعی تحلیل رفتن بدن، قسمت نرم داخلی دیسک دیواره اطراف خود را میشکافد و بیرون میزند. این بیرونزدگی به عصبهایی که در اطراف دیسک قرار دارد، فشار میآورد و آنها را تحریک میکند. همچنین بیرونزدگی دیسک کمر به رباطهایی که مهرهها و دیسکها را در برگرفتهاند فشار وارد میکند که باعث احساس درد در ناحیه مورد نظر میشود. در برخی موارد هم پاره شدن دیسک بین مهرهای منجر به عارضه سیاتیک میگردد، اما صدماتی که ممکن است به این ناحیه وارد شود، شامل مهره چهار کمری روی مهره پنج کمری سر میخورد و به سمت جلو میرود و ریشههای عصبی را تحت فشار قرار میدهد و موجب درد در ناحیه کمر و پاها(سیاتیک) میشود.
دیسک L4-L5 که بین مهرههای L4 و L5 قرار دارد دچار بیرونزدگی میشود و باعث فشار به ریشههای عصبی و درد کمر و پاها (سیاتیک) میشود. همچنین مفاصل ستون فقرات، ممکن است دچار ساییدگی و آرتروز شوند.
از قسمت پشتی مهرههای L4 و L5 یک شاخه عصبی عبور میکند که پس از عبور از پشت مهرهها دو شاخه میشود هر شاخه بهیکی از پاها میرود. این عصب ممکن است بر اثر بیرونزدگی دیسک، زائده استخوانی یا هر عامل دیگر، تحت فشار قرار بگیرد. در این صورت علاوه بر کمر، درد در پاها نیز انتشار مییابد که به آن سیاتیک گفته میشود. آسیب دیسک بین مهرهای به علت ضربات یا تغییرات تدریجی ناشی از افزایش سن (فرایند پیری) اتفاق میافتد.
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