جشنواره ملی یا جشنواره میلی؟!
جشنوارههای فیلم از جمله فیلم کوتاه تجلیگاه آثاری است که در آن آثار تولیدی با بررسی موضوعات متفاوت، مخاطب عام را هدف میگیرد و به دلیل کوتاهی مدت زمان اثر این فرصت را به سازندگان میدهد تا در جشنوارههای متفاوت حضوری گسترده داشته باشند تا با دیدن آثار تولید شده، هر چه بهتر به نگرش ارتباطی بین خود و مخاطب و دستاوردهای حاصل شده در این زمینه برسند و آثار انتخابی را به عنوان الگوی برتر مورد تحلیل و تقلید قرار دهند.
یک جشنواره و چند انتقاد!
در این میان مشهد از تاریخ بیست و پنجم دی ماه تا دوم بهمن ماه شاهد اولین جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه «آپادانا» بود که به همت بخش خصوصی به مرحله اجرا رسید. هرچند تلاش و همراهی عوامل این جشنواره به عنوان بخش خصوصی و حمایتهای انجام شده دستگاههای اجرایی مورد تحسین است و این نکته که همیشه اولینها با کاستیهایی روبرو هستند مورد پذیرش قرار میگیرد، اما آنجا که این رویه به سمت عدم نظارت دقیق دستگاههای اجرایی در سطح یک جشنواره ملی به ویژه در بحث هیأت داوران که نشان دهنده ساختار، ارزشمندی و همچنین انتخاب آثار شایسته برود، نیازمند بررسی و مداقه جدی است.
به هر روی در این گزارش سعی شده است با مصاحبه با مسئولین ذیصلاح و منتقدین و کارشناسان حوزه سینما و جشنواره به بررسی و نقد بیطرفانه اولین جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه «آپادانا» به ویژه هیأت داوران پرداخته شود که در ادامه به ارائه آن میپردازیم.
حمید فرمانی از متخصصان عرصه سینما در مورد شاخصهای برگزاری یک جشنواره ملی که خروجی آن مورد بهره برداری فرهنگی قرار بگیرد سه عامل اساسی شامل ۱) سیاستگذاری و هدفمندی در جهت ارتقای فرهنگ و هنر جامعه در سطح کلان ۲) بهرهگیری کامل از نیرو واستعداد کامل در سطح کشوری ۳) وجود افراد متخصص و آگاه چه در سطح برگزاری و چه در سطح داوری برشمرد و در ادامه بیان داشت: وجود عوامل برگزار کننده دلسوز، با سابقه، مرتبط و اهل فن با موضوع جشنواره باعث قرارگیری در راستای ارتقای سطح فرهنگی و علمی جامعه امروز میگردد و حضور افراد بیتجربه، بیربط و خاماندیش نه تنها زمینهساز پویایی و رشد جشنواره ها نمیشود بلکه میتواند با قضاوت غلط و یا حتی بیغرض در کنار گذاشتن اثری هنری موجب سرخوردگی شرکت کنندگانی شود که از سواد و تخصص و بار علمی فراوانی برخوردار هستند که در جشنوارههایی که نام ملی را به یدک میکشند این امر باید با حساسیت بیشتری دنبال شود تا در دراز مدت بیاعتمادی در جامعه هنری ایجاد نشود.
ضرورت استاندارها
معاون هنری و سینمایی ادارهکل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی خراسان رضوی در خصوص شاخصههای یک جشنواره ملی بیان داشت: یک جشنواره ملی شاخصهای خود را دارد و جشنوارهای که ملی بودن را انتخاب میکند باید شاخصههایی از جمله فراگیری هنرمندان، انتخاب داوران، رعایت استانداردهای برگزاری شامل: جدول زمانبندی دقیق، حضور میهمانان و شرکت کنندگان، اهداءجوایز و غیره را داشته باشد.
افشین تحفهگر در ادامه افزود: برگزارکننده باید پتانسیل اجرای جشنواره در این سطح را داشته باشد که طبق روال قانونی برای برگزاری جشنواره در سطح شهرستان در اداره ارشاد شهرستان، در سطح استانی در اداره ارشاد استان و در سطح کشوری وزارتخانه مرجع صادر کننده مجوزها لازم است که براساس سابقه، تجربه و مستندات ارائه شده توسط مجری کار و همچنین فرمهای مشخص و استعلامات، سازمان مربوطه اقدام به صدور مجوزمی کند.
وی در خصوص تعیین داوران در سطح جشنواره ملی بیان داشت: به طور طبیعی جشنوارههای ملی داوران خود را در هر رشتهای در سطح محدود میشناسد یعنی کسی که در سطح داوری مورد انتخاب برگزار کننده قرار میگیرد، حتما شاخصههای ملی دارد که نشان دهنده تجربه فرد در یک یا چند تخصص از جمله فیلمسازی، تدوین، آهنگسازی و موسیقی فیلم، نویسندگی و نگاه جامع داشتن به فضا و شرایط عمومی جامعه وغیره است.
معاون هنری سینمایی ارشاد استان در خصوص هیأت داوران جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه «آپادانا» و چگونگی انتخاب بیان داشت: سابقه و تجربه کاری در این جشنواره مانند سایر جشنوارههای ملی به مرجع صادر کننده ارائه گردیده است و برمبنای دستورالعمل اجرایی و شناخت حاصل شده سازمان سینمایی اقدام به صدور مجوز کرده است که هرگونه تغییر و مغایرت براساس مدارک ارائه شده اولیه باید توسط برگزارکننده هماهنگ شود و استعلامات و تاییدات مجددا اخذ گردد.
عباس خوش آهنگ رئیس اداره سینمایی ارشاد استان خراسان رضوی در خصوص نظارتهای موجود در بخش برگزاری و انتخاب هیأت داوران جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه «آپادانا» بیان داشت: این جشنواره، اولین جشنواره ملی است که توسط بخش خصوصی برگزار شد و مورد حمایت و استقبال مسئولین و نهادها قرار گرفت. این جشنواره مستقیما از سازمان سینمایی مستقر در وزارت ارشاد مجوز لازم را دریافت نمود و اداره ارشاد استان وهمچنین مشهد همکاریهای لازم را به عمل آورد و اطلاعات ما در خصوص نوع برگزاری و سایر موارد اندک است که تمامی اطلاعات و موارد با مرجع صادرکننده مجوز هماهنگ شده است و از طرفی به دلیل همزمانی این جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه آپادانا با جشنواره فیلم فجر، ناظری از طرف اداره ارشاد برای ارائه گزارش تا پایان برگزاری در جشنواره مستقر است.
کاستیهای «آپادانا»
در همین رابطه تماس تلفنی با یکی از کارشناس سازمان سینمایی کشور مستقر در وزارت ارشاد به عنوان مرجع صادر کننده مجوز حاصل شد که به دلیل موردی بودن جشنواره و اینکه نمیتوان آن را به همه جشنواره تعمیم داد، خواست نامی از او ذکر نشود و مواردی را بیان کرد که ذکر آن خالی از لطف نیست.
این مقام آگاه در خصوص این جشنواره بیان داشت: دو نوع جشنواره وجود دارد بعضی در مرکز (تهران)برگزار میشود و بعضی در شهرهای بزرگ مانند مشهد. براساس شرایط معمولا در هیأت داوران چهرهای شناخته شده از بدنه سینما یا دارای تجربه قرار میگیرد که در زمینه سینما و داوری سرآمد باشد به عنوان داور انتخاب میشود که در این جشنواره به دلیل محدویتها این امکان فراهم نشد و از طرف دیگر کاربرگی وجود دارد که اطلاعات کامل جشنواره باید در آن لحاظ شود که در خصوص این جشنواره به آینده موکول شد و متاسفانه زمانی ما متوجه شدیم که جشنواره اجرا شده است و تنها راه ما مکاتبات و گزارشات کسب شده از مراکز تحت نظر است. در خصوص هیأت داوری این جشنواره، مشخصات لازم در کاربرگ مدنظر ارائه نشده است که خود این خطاست که تمامی این موارد در گزارش نهایی ثبت و ضبط میشود.
سید علی سیدی کارشناس اداره سینمایی ارشاد مشهد و ناظر اجرای جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه آپادانا در پاسخ به این سوال که مبنای انتخاب تعداد سی اثر در بخش رقابتی و ده اثر در بخش غیر رقابتی از میان دویست و پنجاه اثر رسیده به دبیرخانه جشنواره ملی فیلم کوتاه آپادانا طبق اعلام دبیر جشنواره در مراسم افتتاحیه چه مواردی بوده است پاسخ به این سوال را به دبیر جشنواره واگذار نمود و در بخش نظارت بر جشنواره و هیأت داوران افزود: به دلیل ملی بودن جشنواره و مجوز صادر شده از سوی سازمان سینمایی کشور، نظارت ناظر تنها بر نحوه برگزاری صحیح جشنواره است و هیأت داوران، هیأت انتخاب و سایر موارد قبلا به تأیید مرجع صادرکننده مجوز در کاربرگ های مخصوص رسیده است.
براساس مطالب و مصاحبههای صورت گرفته به نظر میرسد عدم تعامل متناسب بین اداره ارشاد مشهد و استان به عنوان تنها ناظران اجرایی جشنواره و سازمان سینمایی به عنوان مرجع صادرکننده مجوز، جشنوارهای در سطح ملی توسط بخش خصوصی اجرا شد که دقت و اعمال نظارت بهتر میتوانست الگوی برای سایر جشنوارههای پیشرو در بخش خصوصی باشد. طبق اطلاعات مندرج در سایت جشنواره مبنا و تفاوت شکلگیری این جشنواره خردورزی است، اما چگونه میتوان جشنوارهای که خود را مبنای قضاوت خردمندانه میداند، در تشکیل هیأت داوران خردوزانه عمل نکند و اینگونه سرنوشت داوری دویست و پنجاه اثر رسیده به دبیرخانه جشنواره در هالهای از ابهام به سر برد. اساسیترین سوال این است که مبنای انتخاب آثار برتر اگر نظر هیأت داوران متخصص نیست، پس چه مواردی لحاظ شده است؟ و خوب است که دبیر جشنواره به عنوان تنها مرجع انتخاب هیأت داوران به این سوالات پاسخ دهد که چطور افرادی را در بحث هیأت داوری تعیین نموده که نه تنها دارای سابقه داوری در سطح ملی نیستند بلکه تجربه به خصوصی در زمینه سینما و شاخههای آن از جمله تدوین، فیلمسازی، موسیقی و… ندارند و افرادی هستند که در مجموعه خصوصی ایشان فعالیت دارند ویا داشتهاند.
چند خط برای آینده
براساس اعلام منابع آگاه این جشنواره دارای مجوزهای لازم جهت پخش فیلمها در طول برگزاری نبوده است و از سوی دیگر گلایههای شرکت کنندگان در این جشنواره در خصوص اجرا و اطلاع رسانی جشنواره نیز شنیدنی است که از حوصله این متن خارج است.
در هر صورت عملکرد این جشنواره و صدور مجوزهای بعدی براساس گزارش ناظر ارشاد در جشنواره است و از آنجایی که این گزارش تنها در بحث اجرایی و تماشای آثار براساس گفته خود ناظر جشنواره صادر میشود و سایر ابعاد تحت مجوز صادر شده مورد بررسی قرار نمیگیرد خوب است مراجع ذی صلاح در خصوص همه ابعاد این رویداد دقت نظر داشته باشند تا چنانچه در آینده بخش خصوصی در مقام برگزاری جشنوارههای از این دست برآمد، هنرمندان و تولید کنندگان آثار هنری شاهد رویدادی تأثیرگذار باشد.
گروه فرهنگ «صبح امروز»
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