نگاهِ حقوقی صبح امروز به آلودگی هوا:
از کی شکایت کنیم؟
چند سالی است آسمان دود زده، سیاه و بدنبال آن تعطیلی مدارس، یکی از نمادهای فصل سرما شده غافل از اینکه هر ساله شاهد تضییع حقوق شهروندان و زیرپا گذاشتن قانون نوشته شده درباره آلوده سازی غیرقانونی هوا هستیم.
آلودگی هوا یکی از مسائل مهم و اساسی هر کشوری در حوزه محیط زیست است که نه تنها سالیانه هزینه‌های اقتصادی و انسانی فراوانی تحمیل می‌کند بلکه به تعداد بیماران و اشخاص فوتی می‌افزاید و گاه منجر به مهاجرت و تغییر موقعیت و کیفیت زندگی افراد آن جامعه می شود.
هزینه‌های سلامت (مرگ و بیماری) آلودگی ناشی از آلاینده ذرات معلق در شهر تهران که با تغییر فصل و بروز سرما و به دنبال آن وارونگی هوا رخ می نماید و نفس ها را در سینه حبس و وضعیت اسفباری برای شهروندان ایجاد می کند، مطابق با آخرین گزارش بانک جهانی در سال ۲۰۱۸، سالیانه ۲.۶ میلیارد دلار برآورد شده است.
مطابق این گزارش در صورتی که غلظت ذرات معلق در شهر تهران از ۳۵ میکروگرم در متر مکعب به ۱۰ میکروگرم در متر مکعب (رهنمود سازمان بهداشت جهانی) برسد، هزینه های سلامت (مرگ و بیماری) نیز به میزان ۱.۶ میلیارد دلار کاهش می یابد اما متاسفانه میانگین غلظت سالیانه ذرات معلق طی چهار سال گذشته در شهر تهران بیش از ۳۴ میکروگرم در متر مکعب است که ۳.۴ برابر حد مجاز است.
همچنین بنابه گزارش سازمان بهداشت جهانی در سال ۲۰۱۸ که با عنوان «پیشگیری از مرگ های ناشی از بیماری های غیر واگیر از طریق بهبود کیفیت هوا» منتشر شد، ۱۷ درصد از کل مرگ های ناشی از بیماری های غیر واگیر به علت مواجهه با آلودگی هوا است.
مرگ و میر بر اثر آلودگی
مطابق با گزارش فوق به ترتیب ۳۴ درصد از مرگ های سکته مغزی، ۲۵ درصد از مرگ های بیماری های قلبی و ۳۶ درصد از مرگ های در اثر ابتلا به سرطان ریه ناشی از آلودگی هوا عنوان شده است.
رهبر انقلاب در فتوایی با توضیحات خاص، استفاده از وسایل نقلیه شخصی را در وضعیت استثنایی و آلودگی شدید هوا حرام اعلام کردند.
آیا نمیشود علیه خودروسازان ایرانی یا کارخانجات سنگین اطراف شهرهای بزرگ به اتهام تهدید سلامت عمومی با تولید خودروی آلوده کننده یا دودزایی شکایت دستجمعی مطرح نمود ؟
ماده ۶۸۸ قانون مجازات اسلامی
هر اقدامی که تهدید علیه بهداشت عمومی شناخته شود از قبیل آلوده کردن آب آشامیدنی یا توزیع آب آشامیدنی آلوده، دفع غیربهداشتی فضولات انسانی و دامی و مواد زاید، ریختن مواد مسموم‌کننده در رودخانه‌ها، زباله در خیابان‌ها و کشتار غیرمجاز دام، استفادهٔ غیرمجاز فاضلاب خام یا پساب تصفیهٔ خانه‌های فاضلاب برای مصارف کشاورزی ممنوع می‌باشد و مرتکبین چنان چه طبق قوانین خاص مشمول مجازات شدیدتری نباشند به حبس تا یک سال محکوم خواهند شد.
تبصره ۱: تشخیص این که اقدام مزبور تهدید علیه بهداشت عمومی و آلودگی محیط زیست شناخته می‌شود و نیز غیرمجاز بودن کشتار دام و دفع فضولات دامی و همچنین اعلام جرم مذکور حسب مورد بر عهدهٔ وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست و سازمان دامپزشکی خواهد بود.
تبصره ۲: منظور از آلودگی محیط زیست عبارت است از پخش یا آمیختن مواد خارجی به آب یا هوا یا خاک یا زمین به میزانی که کیفیت فیزیکی، شیمیایی یا بیولوژیک آن را به طوری که به حال انسان یا سایر موجودات زنده یا گیاهان یا آثار یا ابنیه مضر باشد تغییر دهد.
به گفته «سید علی شاه صاحبی» حقوقدان و وکیل دادگستری معضلی جهانی محسوب می شود و به همین دلیل، در کنفرانس ملل متحد در رابطه با انسان و محیط زیست که در سال ١٩٧٢ در شهر استکهلم برگزار شد، «داشتن محیط زیست سالم و قابل زندگی با توجه به شئونات و رفاه انسان ها» یک حق شناخته شد و مطابق اصل نخست اعلامیه استکهلم تاکید شده است که انسان از حقوقی بنیادین برای داشتن آزادی و برابری و شرایط مناسب زندگی در محیط زیستی که به وی اجازه زندگی با حیثیت و سعادتمندانه را بدهد برخوردار است.
به نقل از ایرنا، وی یادآور شد: بر این اساس، حق برخورداری از هوای سالم و عاری از آلودگی برای شهروندان جزء حقوق اولیه هر شهروند است، از این رو برای دولت‌ها تعهداتی ایجاد شده که از جمله آنها می‌توان به «تعهد اجتناب از آلوده ساختن غیر قانونی هوا» اشاره کرد.
این حقوقدان افزود: از جنبه حقوقی، آلودگی هوا تحت عناوین ضرر به غیر، اتلاف و تضییع حق حیات و تهدید سلامت و بهداشت عمومی و دهها مورد و مصداق که از قوانین عام و خاص استخراج می‌شود موجبات مسئولیت مدنی و کیفری مسببان است.
وی خاطرنشان کرد: بزه ایجاد آلودگی هوا به صورت عام در ماده ۶۸۸ قانون مجازات اسلامی تعزیرات مصوب ۱۳۷۵ و قبل از آن نیز در قانون نحوه جلوگیری از آلودگی هوا مصوب ۱۳۷۴ مطرح شده بود و در قانون هوای پاک نیز به صورت خاص مورد توجه قانونگذار قرار گرفت.
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