گفتگوی «صبح امروز» با یک دکترای زبان و ادبیات فارسی در خصوص جریان شعر آزاد؛
«شعرپریشی»؛ تعبیر آنچه بر شعر امروز میگذرد
مریم اصغری
شعر آزاد و جریان آن در سالهای اخیر محل مناقشه بسیاری از پژوهشگران ادبی بوده است. شعري که به باور برخی، منطبق با يكي از وزنهاي عروضي قديم سروده ميشود اما به جهت نيازهاي معنايي، مصرعها (پارهها) در آن كوتاه یا بلند ميشود و به نظر برخی دیگر، شعری كه در دهههاي اخير تحت تأثير شعر معاصر اروپا به ويژه فرانسه در زبان فارسي راه يافته است.
به همین جهت با محوریت بررسی جریان شعر آزاد به گفتگو با دکتر کیمیا تاج نیا، مدرس نشستهای مولانا شناسی و مثنویخوانی موسسه خردسرای فردوسی و استادیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی پرداختیم.
این دکترای ادبیات و زبان فارسی در پاسخ به اینکه «آیا دوران شعر کلاسیک به پایان نرسیده است؟» مطرح میکند: حقیقت این است که وقتی از شعر فارسی میگوییم باید به یاد داشته باشیم که از برجستهترین و کم نظیرترین شاخصه هویّتی و فرهنگیمان حرف میزنیم. مجموعه بالا بلند و گران سنگی که گزاف نیست اگر بگوییم این ظرفیّت را داراست که نگین ادبیّات جهانی به حساب آید. اقبال جهانی به مولانا و حافظ و فردوسی و سعدی و دیگران با وجود کم مهریها و بی مهریهای خود ما به گنجینه زبان و ادب پارسی نمونه کوچک این ظرفیّت بالقوّه است. میخواهم بگویم با آن که تاثیر و تاثّر و وام دهی و وام برداری ادبی در جهانی که به یک دهکده ارتباطی بدل شده امری واقع و انکارناپذیر است. امّا شعر پارسی به پشت گرمی پیشینه قَدَر و کاملش هنوز در مایه و محتوا و شگرد و شیوه دست کم برای خودش حیثیّت ساز و منشا اثر است.
عبور از دوره گذار از شعر عروضی به شعر هجایی
دکتر تاج نیا ادامه میدهد: ما دوره گذار از شعر عروضی به شعر هجایی و اقسام غیرهجایی شعر را پشت سر گذاشتهایم. مخاطب امروز شعر به فراخور ذائقه و تشخیص با اقسام سرودهها رو به روست و شاید بشود گفت شعر ما در هیچ دورهای با این حجم از گونهگونی و تکثّر در پیکر بندی و درون مایگی شعر رو به رو نبوده است. نکته این جاست که شعر مقولهای است ذوقی و با این که دانش ادبی همواره در حال واکاوی و تحلیل شعر با المانها و رویکردی آکادمیک است، شعر از خودش برمیآید و مثل جریانی سیّال از یک وهم درخشان بیانیّه و فصل الخطاب برنمیتابد. پس فکر میکنم هیچ شخص یا نهادی نمیتواند پایان دوره عروضی سرایی را اعلام یا اعمال کند. این رخدادی است که در گذر زمان خودش به خودش خواهد انجامید. به هر روی مخاطب شعر پارسی آموخته وزن است. گمان میکنم بنیاد در شعر بر آفرینش اثری والا و پرمایه است و از آن جا که رویکرد قراردادی به هنر معمولا رویکردی نافرجام است باید اجازه دهیم تا سراینده شعر پارسی به اقتضای درک و ذائقه شعرش را عروضی یا غیر عروضی بسراید و بعد آن را برای ردّ یا قبول به تاریخ حواله دهد.
سراسیمگی و غوغا در بازار نوشتن و نشر شعر
این مدرّس نشستهای ادبی با اشاره به رویکرد جریان شعر آزاد در آینده بیان میکند: شاید بشود تا اندازهای برای آن چه امروز بر شعر میگذرد تعبیر “شعر پریشی” را به کار برد. آفاتی چون روان انگاری نوشتن شعر از یک سو و نبود پشتوانه مطالعاتی مستمرّ و جامع درباره شعر ایران و جهان برای شعر امروز مخاطره آمیز شده است. به عنوان یک علاقمند به شعر و ادبیّات هم چون بسیاری دیگر از مخاطبان باید بگویم با شعرهایی مواجه هستیم که از نهاد کم مطالعه و سراسیمه آفرینندگانشان برآمدهاند. یادمان باشد که در وضعیّت کنونی ما فارغ از مهار وزن و قافیه و پیکره و شاکله و پیام غایی در شعر کاتبیم و فقدان اینها که نام بردم خلایی است که سراسیمگی و غوغا در بازار نوشتن و نشر شعر را در پی داشته است. چنان که میبینیم و باز فکر می کنم رویکردی متعهدّانه به شعر با گوشه چشمی به نظام کهن و استوار شعریمان و آفرینشی مبتنی بر شناسههای قابل ارائه و تبیین و در نهایت داشتن آنی خوش اقبال در گذار از این ورطه نجات بخش خواهد بود.
وی تصریح میکند: به نظر میرسد شعر آزاد با انگیزه فرا رَوی از زبان و بیانِ شناخته شعر فارسی رسمیّت یافت. با مولّفههایی چون مرکزیّت گریزی معنایی و زبانی، ساختار شکنی دستوری، زبان محوری، با طرح وارهای از سیر جهنده و درهم روایت در آن و البتّه چند صدایی بودن. هرچند این جریان سرایندگان برجسته و نام آشنای خودش را دارد، امّا به نظر میرسد همواره میان وجه تئوریک و اجرایی ایدهها شکافی هست و ما میبینیم که بعدها این جریان به نوعی از هم گسیختگی زبانی و محتوایی در شعر میانجامد.
تعبیری بر ساحت شعر امروز
تاج نیا با اشاره به اینکه «جمله معروفی هست که میگوید کسی که حرفی برای گفتن ندارد، برایش سخت است که ساکت بماند» بیان میکند: من تقریبا همه چیز را به نظام شهودی مستقرّ در ذهن و ذائقه شاعر مربوط میدانم. نقش آورترین شاخصه شعری در هر شعر به گمانم غنای تجارب شهودی شاعر است. یک ذهن یا جان یا حسّ انباشته از تجربههای شهودی و معنایی و غنایی و محتوایی غنی، زبان و شگرد شعری را هر اندازه هم که در کار نفی و خلط و خیز باشد غنا و برازندگی میبخشد. عین القضات گفت هر که فصیح زبان تر بود به هذیانات مُحدَث او را عالِم تر خوانند. این تعبیری است که بر ساحت شعر امروز هم وارد است.
وی میافزاید: شعر محتاج گرانیگاه زبانی و محتوایی است. این مهارت شاعر است که چطور بزنگاههای بیان و معنا را در شعر تعبیه و استتار کند. شاعر شعر آزاد اگرچه به ظاهر ملزم به قواعد شعری مرئی نیست امّا بدون تردید برای گذار از مرز هذیانهای مُحدَث محتاج بازشناسی گزارههایی به فراخور میل و تشخیص ادبی خودش هست که بنای شعر بر آن پی ریخته شود.
ای کاش «قضاوتی قضاوتی قضاوتی درکار درکار درکار» میبود
شاعر مجموعه شعری «رقصا» در پاسخ به اینکه «آیا میتوان هر متن ادبی را زیر مجموعه شعر آزاد دانست؟» میگوید: مسلّم است که خیر. ای کاش «قضاوتی قضاوتی قضاوتی درکار درکار درکار» میبود. چنان که شاملو گفت. تکثّر و تعدّد آفریدههای متنی خَلط قالب کرده. بسیاری از نوشتهها تنها یک نوشتار ادبی ست. اگر جملات آن با علائم سجاوندی در یک ردیف مطوّل نوشته شوند، قطعهای ادبی خواهیم داشت که معلوم نیست چه میزان ادبیّت هم در آن قابل دید و درک است. من پیشنهاد دادم که بیاییم و قالبی به نام شعرانه را به رسمیّت بشناسیم. شعرانه نوشتاریست که نوعی شعر گونگی محتوایی یا بیانی در آن هست. امّا به تمامی شعر هم نیست. شوق به نوشتن وجود دارد و در فضایی که هیچ نهادی متولّی سامان دهی به کار شعر نیست این پراکنده کاریها و پراکنده گوییها به بی سر و سامانی محض انجامیده است. ریشه بسیاری از این رخدادها در کم آگاهی کم خوانی و کم دانی است. ذائقه باید از سطح ذائقه روان پسند سرسری به سمت ذائقه مدوّن ارزش گذار ارتقا یابد. یک راه آن خواندن دقیق شعر و ادبیّات کلاسیک است. این بستری است که علاقمند به شعر در آن با زبان و محتوای فاخر مواجه خواهد بود.
هایکو، موج نو و واژانه
وی در خصوص جریان شعری «هایکو» مطرح میکند: هایکو که اصولن یک گونه شعری غیر ایرانی است. صد البتّه با شاکله ایی مدوّن. هایکوها اتّفاقا موزون هم هستند و البتّه وزن در آن ها چنان که میدانیم تکیهای است ( مثل شعر انگلیسی مبتنی هستند بر توالی و توزیع هجاهای تکیه بر و بی تکیه) و معمولا روایتی منسجم و قابل دریافت از یک چیزند. این ایده که آفرینش شعری به اقتضای شرایط زیستی انسان مدرن باید شکل ایجاز و اختصار بگیرد ایدهای است در جایگاه خودش پذیرفتنی. بضاعتهای شنیداری انسان مدرن کاهش یافته است. من اصولا هیچ احتمال شعریی را مردود نمی دانم به شرط آن که به آفرینش شعر والا بیانجامد.
مولف کتاب «جرعه ی آن باده ی بی زینهار» با اشاره به شعرهای «موج نو» نیز ابراز میکند: موج نو جریانی ست که موافقان و مشاهیر خودش را داشته. سرعت پیدایش جریانهای شعری مجالی برای پختگی و جا افتادگی طرّاحان و دنبال کنندگان و متقاضیانش باقی نمیگذارد. در موج نو شاعرانی مثل احمدرضا احمدی و بیژن الهی را داریم به عنوان طرّاحان مانیفست موج نو. امّا واژانه حکایت دیگری ست. آفرینش شعر با حذف نحو و دستور زبان مبتنی بر انتزاعِ شکل یافته از کلمه و کلمه. گمان نمی کنم مخاطب هوشمند و جویا و پرسشگر شعر به چیزی جز برکت معنا و زبان آری بگوید. باز باید به یاد بیاوریم که ما جریان قدرتمند شعر کلاسیک را داریم که در آن همه چیز در حدّ اعلاست: زبان و معنا و تصویر و شیوه و شگرد و شور و وجود و عدم و قافیه و غزل. پشت به این نهاد آخته مشکل بتوان طرح حیثیّت کرد به گمانم.
و در آخر…
بدون شک در خصوص جریان شعر آزاد و حتی مافیای چاپ کتابها و تاثیر فضای مجازی بر این جریان سازی صحبتهای بسیاری وجود دارد. به همین جهت نیز گفتگوی ما با دکتر تاج نیا ادامه داشت، اما به این مباحث در گزارشی دیگر خواهیم پرداخت.
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Também chamadas de soluções de escalabilidade, são protocolos projetados para operar separadamente da rede blockchain (camada 1), como por exemplo o Bitcoin e Ethereum, envolvendo a transferência de responsabilidade das transações para uma arquitetura off-chain. Em outras palavras, elas processam, organizam e enviam transações de volta para blockchain, estendendo sua escalabilidade e eficiência. Entre os fundos negociados em bolsa (ETFs) de bitcoin à vista das bolsas americanas, ontem foi o terceiro pregão consecutivo de saldo líquido positivo. Os depósitos neste tipo de fundo superaram os saques em US$ 31,6 milhões. As retiradas do GBTC, trust transformado em ETF da Grayscale, totalizaram US$ 66,9 milhões. Os especuladores usam contratos de opções para uma série de abordagens. Dados da Deribit, a maior bolsa de opções de criptomoedas, mostram que a estratégia conhecida como trava de alta (ou “call spread” em inglês) está entre as mais populares atualmente para o bitcoin.
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O Bitcoin (BTC) opera em meio a volatilidade entre perdas e ganhos à espera de novas notícias no mercado. Por volta das 9h13, o bitcoin subia 0,15%, a US$ 66.038,0. Por isso, pode ser mais interessante fazer negociações por meio de exchanges. Como você viu, elas têm um funcionamento similar ao dos bancos de investimento. Portanto, operam como intermediárias nas transações desse mercado. Quando falamos em Bitcoin, logo surge o termo “mineração” para definir a maneira como esses ativos são emitidos. A mineração de BTCs nada mais é que a forma como a cadeia dessas criptomoedas se mantém ativa, uma vez que os usuários precisam “fazer a roda girar” por meio de protocolos específicos. Seguros e Previdência Damaso adiantou pontos que deverão fazer parte do novo regramento, como a necessidade de se exigir das empresas a separação entre ativos próprios e de clientes.
The Athletic MLB Staff In a moneyline bet, if you choose to pick the -190 favorite, you would risk $190 to win $100. On the +170 dog, you would bet $100 for the chance to turn a $170 profit if the underdog wins. Success ultimately comes down to picking the winner of a game at the right line value and you can use our MLB odds calculator to help you figure out potential baseball odds profit before you get in the swing of things. Home » Sports Betting Guide : How To Bet » How to Bet on Baseball BOS Red Sox money line is -165 against Marlins +144. The over under is 8½ runs. Start Time: Tuesday, July 2nd @ 03:40 pm PT Over the past few years, the internet has revolutionized the way that baseball fans can get in on the betting action, enabling them to place bets from anywhere, at any time. Real-time MLB odds are now readily available at your fingertips. This MLB betting guide will illuminate how you can read and understand MLB odds to make informed bets at your favorite online sports betting sites.
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Absolutely! BetOnline is an excellent sportsbook for new bettors, with a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to place bets and navigate through the site. They offer competitive moneylines on a variety of sports, such as NFL and NBA games. Their live betting feature allows for in-game wagering, which is a fun way to bet on sports as a newbie bettor. BetOnline also offers a variety of bonuses for new customers. Another great feature for new users is their extensive resources section, which includes betting guides and tutorials to help users understand the basics of sports betting. You can play all the same casino games on your mobile device as you can on your desktop. Players can access BetOnline’s sportsbook from their mobile devices as well.
The best time to rent a Large car from Thrifty in Dubai, Dubai is in August when prices are $80 per day on average. $80 per day is 26% lower than the $109 average yearly price for a Thrifty Large rental in Dubai. While August may be the cheapest month to rent a Large car from Thrifty in Dubai, March is the most expensive. However, you may still be able to find great deals in March on Large rental vehicles from Thrifty depending on what day you book. What is the cheapest rental cars company in Dubai Airport Terminal 3? Thrifty Car rental is a part of Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group, one of the leading international car rental companies with headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, which operates in more than 90 countries and over 4000 locations worldwide.Thrifty was established in the UAE in 1972 by Abdulla Ahmed Al Moosa Enterprises (ARENCO GROUP).
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Site map The specific requirements may vary depending on the car rental company, but generally, you will need a valid driver’s license, valid identification (such as a passport or Emirates ID for residents), and a credit card for the security deposit. Some car rental companies may have additional age restrictions or requirements for certain vehicle categories, so it’s advisable to check the terms and conditions of the rental company you choose. Festival City and Al Quoz are the cheapest neighborhoods to rent a car in Dubai. We found that ADDCAR RENTAL is the cheapest rental car company in Festival City with an average cost of $14 day. Autostrad Rent A Car is the most affordable rental company in Al Quoz with prices averaging $15 day. } {{profile.businessName } Hiking addict, mother of 2, hiphop head, Vignelli fan and front-end designer. Making at the intersection of art and intellectual purity to create not just a logo, but a feeling. Let’s design a world that’s thoughtful, considered and aesthetically pleasing.
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“Without prop players, people would come in, look around and walk out the door. With them, it only takes a few players to get a game going, instead of five or six,” she said while taking a break from a game at the Gold Creek Poker Room. With poker, you’re not competing head-to-head against a multi-billion dollar international conglomerate. Instead, you’re playing against fellow tourists like yourself, many, (if not all), are likely to be either poor players, and or drunk. What is it about you that really suits you to this game?Women make good poker players because in a male-driven society, we’ve had to be much more sensitive to social cues. We’ve had to read people much better. I’m not saying women are inherently better at this. I think we’ve had to become better at it as a survival mechanism. Because men can be boors and still rule the world, but women really need to know what’s going on. One thing that’s really been helpful to me is my ability to control my emotions — to be present at the table and read people in a way that men normally haven’t needed to.
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Texas Hold’em is available to play at almost every online poker site. It’s the most popular poker game type and is played by millions of people worldwide. Flush – The flush with the highest-ranking card wins, if the same you move to the next card till a winner is found or hands are the same. If hands are the same split the pot. The exact origins of Hold’em remain a bit murky. However, most agree the game was birthed in its namesake state (Texas) in the town of Robstown sometime during the early 1900’s. There, in the great Lone Star state, it remained virtually unnoticed for decades until this poker genre was finally launched in 1967 in Las Vegas. No different than any other games, there is terminology used at the poker table that is either unique to the game or has an alternate meaning when playing poker. You want to learn how to play poker, that’s why you are found this page. Here are some of the most important ones to know when playing poker:
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