باید به گفتمانهای ایجاد شده توجه کرد
استاد علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد گفت: گفتمانها در عرصه اجتماعی وجود دارند و باید به گفتمانهای ایجاد شده توسط مردم توجه شود.
مهدی نجفزاده در رابطه با منشور گفتمان سیاسی افزود: مفهوم گفتمان بدین معنا نیست که ما گفتگو را بسازیم زیرا گفتمان فاعلیت ندارد، بلکه باید نقش عاملیت را در آن از بین ببریم.
وی با اشاره به اینکه گفتمان خود ایجاد میشود، خاطرنشان کرد: گفتمان خود درست میشود و از دل مردم میجوشد و ناپیدایی است که یکباره سردرمیآورد؛ به محض اینکه عاملیت و فاعلیت وارد گفتمان شود آن را وارد ساختار کردیم و زمانی که آن را تبدیل به ساختار کنیم تبدیل به یک ساختار سخت پیچیده آهنین میشود.
دولت باید از حوزه عمومی جوشش کند
این استاد دانشگاه افزود: نظریه پردازانی که به گفتمان قائل هستند، نظریاتشان مبتنی بر این است که نقش فاعلیت را از بین ببرند و من توصیه میکنم برای علمی شدن گفتمان، به گفتمانهای ایجاد شده توسط مردم توجه شود زیرا گفتمانها در عرصه اجتماعی وجود دارند و باید دیده شوند و دیگر نیازی به ساخت گفتمان و منشور نیست.
نجف زاده با بیان اینکه جامعه یک دست آزاد دارد که خودش تصمیم میگیرد، گفت: در تمام جوامع به این صورت است که حوزه عمومی در عرصه جامعه وجود دارد ولی در کشور ما در رابطه با حوزه عمومی نیز اشتباهاتی میکنند و میخواهند حوزه عمومی را ایجاد کنند، حوزه عمومی مکانی است که مردم در کنار هم مینشینند و با هم گفتگو میکنند و وارد یک مجادله میشوند.
وی ادامه داد: در غرب دولتها از حوزه عمومی برخواستند ولی ما در ایران میخواهیم حوزه عمومی را دولتها برای ما ایجاد کنند و اگر بخواهیم دولت دموکراتیک داشته باشیم باید دولت از حوزه عمومی جوشش کند و برآیند دولت، برآیند نظرگاههای مردم در خصوص سیاست باشد.
عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی تصریح کرد: در غرب دولت از دل جامعه مدنی برآمده است و جامعه مدنی حوزهای است که مردم آزادانه بدون سلطه به گفتگو در مورد موضاعات فراتر از اشخاص مشغولاند و این موضوعات شامل محلهای، ملی و بین المللی میتواند باشد.
جامعه ایران، گفتگومحور نیست
وی افزود: در چنین وضعیتی دولتی که سر کار میآید در واقع برآیندی اجتماعی است یعنی دولت چیزی خارج از بدنه اجتماع نیست ولی ما در ایران از دولت میخواهیم که یک جامعه مدنی و حوزه همگانی را ایجاد کند و این شرایط ناگواری است برای اینکه دولت در معذوریتهایی قرار دارد و نمیتواند این کار را انجام دهد و تا زمانی که جامعه همکاری نداشته باشد این موضوع پیش نمیرود.
این استاد علوم سیاسی با اشاره به اینکه جامعه ایران جامعه گفتگو محوری نیست، عنوان کرد: ایران جامعهای حراف است ولی گفتگو و استدلال نمیکند و در حقیقت ما در وضعیتی قرار داریم که بدون سلطه و ایدئولوژی نمیتوانیم با همدیگر استدلال کنیم و حرفهای هم را بشنویم و به یک نتایجی برسیم؛ ما در حقیقت صداهای زیادی در ایران داریم ولی عملا یک وضعیت ابهام گونه وجود دارد و تا زمانی که گفتگو مستعد جامعه وجود نداشته باشد دولت نمیتواند گفتگو را ایجاد کند.
وی خاطرنشان کرد: از لحاظ تاریخی حوزه عمومی در دورههایی در ایران بوده ولی به مرور زمان از بین رفته است از جمله عوامل موثر در این رابطه استبداد، گسترش حوزه مذهب، نقش عوامل بیگانه بودند و برای بازگرداندن حوزه عمومی در ایران اولین راه حل این است که دولت پای خود را از حریم شخصی و خصوصی افراد بیرون کشد زیرا حوزه سیاسی، اجتماعی، فردی که منطقهای مختلف دارند را نمیتوان با یک تعبیر بررسی کرد.
نجف زاده اظهار کرد : حوزه خصوصی و حوزه عمومی کاملا جدا ازهم هستند و دولت باید این دو حوزه را به رسمیت بشناسد و زمینههای ظهور مردم را فراهم کند و تکنولوژیهای ارتباطی جدید به گسترش حوزه عمومی میتواند کمک میکند؛ پس گسترش تکنولوژیهای ارتباطی و به رسمیت شناختن حوزه عمومی توسط دولت به گسترش این روند کمک میکند.
اگر حوزه عمومی شکل نگیرد احزاب معنایی ندارند
عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی با اشاره به عدم شکلگیری احزاب قوی در ایران، گفت: در ایران بحث شده که چرا احزاب شکل نمیگیرد، یکی از دلایل عدم شکل گیری احزاب این است که حوزه همگانی وجود ندارد.
وی ادامه داد: حزب جایی است که مردم جمع میشوند و بر سر منافع مشترک و برای رسیدن به قدرت تلاش میکنند و باید علائق، ایدئولوژیها و پایگاههای مشترک داشته باشند ولی در ایران حزبها را مانند گفتمان درست میکنیم و مردم فکر میکنند حزب یک مسئله بیرون از آنها است در حالی که حزب در داخل جوامع است، همین که مردم با هم گفتگو کنند و یک برنامه بنویسند و خواستار برخی مداخلات سیاسی باشند حزب تشکیل میشود.
نجف زاده یادآورشد: نکته دیگر این است که از لحاظ جامعه شناختی ایران استعداد حزب ندارد و به نظر من حلقه های سیاسی بهتر جواب میدهد؛ ما در فرهنگ سیاسی مفهوم حلقه را داریم که حلقهها در بحرانهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی شکل میگیرند و زیر زمینی هستند ولی منسجم و قابل تحرک به شمار میآیند و مسیر تشکیل احزاب باید از داخل حلقهها بگذرد.
این استاد دانشگاه تصریح کرد: در جامعه ایرانی یک ناامنی اجتماعی وجود دارد که احساس بدی نسبت به سیاست و مسائل سیاسی داریم و در نتیجه تمایلی به احزاب نداریم ولی از طریق حلقه سازی و اینکه حلقهها را به حلقه های بزرگتر تبدیل کنیم میتوان یک مسیری را برای تشکیل احزاب پیش برد.
اعتراضات موضوعی سیاسی نیست
وی با بیان اینکه یکی از دلیل بروز ناآرامیها این است که مردم معبرهایی برای فکر کردن، حرف زدن و اعتراض کردن پیدا نمیکنند، اظهار کرد: اگر حوزه همگانی وجود داشته باشد هرکسی گفتگو میکند، اقناع میشود، اقناع میکند و به نتایجی میرسد و این جزایر متعدد اعتراضات باید معبر و حوزهای برای گفتگو داشته باشند.
استاد علوم سیاسی عنوان کرد: به نظر من اعتراضات موضوعات سیاسی نیست و موضوعات اعتراضات اخیر اجتماعی و اقتصادی است و این نشان دهنده این است که نباید یک زبان و منطق را برای آنها به کاربرد بلکه باید با منطق همان موضوع آن مسئله را حل کرد.
عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی بیان کرد: این اعتراضات خواستگاه اجتماعی دارند البته میتواند منجر به خواست سیاسی نیز شوند و حاکمیت باید خواست اجتماعی و اقتصادی را حل کند و نگذارد به خواست سیاسی تبدیل شود؛ زیرا اگر این جزایر به هم گره خورند آنگاه حل و فصل کردن آنها بسیار مشکل میشود ولی اکنون با منطق اقتصادی و اجتماعی میتوان به آنها پاسخ داد و از به هم پیوستن این جزایر اعتراضی جلوگیری کرد.
منبع: ایسنا
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