صداوسیما؛ اعتماد مردم و بیطرفیاش را از دست داده است
استاد علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد گفت: صداوسیما تحرک و توانایی رسانهای خود را در قرن بیست و یکم از دست داده است.
مهدی نجفزاده در خصوص عملکرد صداوسیما در انعکاس رویدادهای سیاسی کشور افزود: چند مسئله وجود دارد که هر رسانهای که خبر را پوشش یا حوادث را به مردم اطلاع دهد باید آن را رعایت کند، این موارد سرعت، مورد اعتماد و بیطرفانه بودن خبر است که متاسفانه صداوسیما در هر سه مورد محل خدشه است.
خبرهایی که مردم میخواهند بشنوند را کتمان میکنند
وی اضافه کرد: هیئت و گروهی به عنوان فیلتر خبر کار میکنند و تصمیم میگیرند که کدام خبر را، چگونه و با چه دیدگاهی کار کنند، در این صورت خبر آنگونه که باید به مردم نمیرسد. مسئله مهم این است که صداوسیما فیلتر و بلندگویی شده که خبرهایی که از نظر خودشان خوشایند است را عنوان و خبرهایی که مردم مشتاق شنیدن آنها هستند را کتمان میکنند.
این استاد دانشگاه با بیان اینکه صداوسیما اصلا عملکرد خوبی نداشته است، عنوان کرد: صداوسیما تلاش میکند تا برای خبرهای خود فیلتر بگذارد و از دیدگاه خود خبر را منعکس کند. زمانی بنگاههای سخنپراکنی وجود داشت اما اکنون بنگاههای سخنجمعکنی وجود دارد. هرفردی با موبایل خود یک خبررسان و گیرنده خبر است که گوی سبقت را از صداوسیما ربوده است. عدهای خبرها را دقیق و آنی منعکس میکنند در نتیجه صداوسیما عقب میافتد.
رسانهای که فقط بلندگو است
نجفزاده با اشاره به اینکه صداوسیما تحرک و توانایی رسانهای خود را در قرن بیست و یکم از دست داده است، تصریح کرد: در صداوسیما باید تغییرات اساسی صورت گیرد. به طور مثال الجزیره با 200 نفر 100 برابر صداوسیما فعالیت میکند. رسانهای با یک کانال تلگرامی و با یک نفر به اندازه صداوسیمای ما فعالیت دارد. صداوسیما با اتفاقاتی که در عرصه جهانی افتاده پیش نرفته است و با نگاه سنتی بلندگو بودن پیش میرود.
این استاد علوم سیاسی درخصوص الزامات لازم برای مورد اعتماد قرار گرفتن صداوسیما در انعکاس رویدادهای سیاسی و جاذبه پیدا کردن آن برای مردم، گفت: مهمترین مسئله این است که خبر آنگونه که هست منعکس شود و فیلتر نگذارد. مسئله دوم اینکه همهجانبه باشد. صداوسیما یک رسانه چندصدایی و ایران نیز جامعهای چندصدایی است. هزاران صدا در آن شنیده میشود، نمیتواند تنها منعکس کننده یک صدا باشد. متاسفانه امکان بازخورد این صداها در صداوسیما وجود ندارد. این افراد به رسانههای دیگر رجوع میکنند و خود رسانه میشوند.
صدای افراد را منعکس نمیکند
وی ادامه داد: این موارد براساس هیچ دستورالعملی نیست. عدهای که سواد آکادمیک رسانهای ندارند، تصمیم میگیرند چه کاری انجام شود و خود بندها و موانعی ایجاد میکنند.
نجفزاده با بیان اینکه هر رسانهای صدای یک نفر خاص را منعکس میکند، عنوان کرد: مسئله این است که رسانه صداوسیما متعلق به کسی نیست و متعلق به همه است. فردی که در یک روستای دورافتاده زندگی میکند این حق را دارد که صدایش شنیده شود و فردی که در قلب تهران زندگی میکند نیز این حق را دارد.
وی افزود: در دنیا آزادی رسانه وجود دارد و کسی رسانهای ایجاد میکند و در آن حرف خود را منعکس میکند. در آن صورت چندصدایی ایجاد میشود و رسانهها در رقابت با هم قرار میگیرند، حرف یکدیگر را خنثی میکنند و نمیتوانند دروغ بگویند. متاسفانه در ایران یک رسانه همگانی است و همه در آن سهم دارند اما مشکل این است که صدای همه را پوش نمیدهد.
بیاعتمادی و ناامنی اجتماعی
نجفزاده با اشاره به وضعیت صداوسیما در کشورهای دیگر در مقایسه با ایران، بیان کرد: مسئله ما با غرب فرق دارد. در غرب هر فردی رسانه خود را دارد، صدایش شنیده میشود و هرکس هم به رسانه مورد علاقه خود مراجعه میکند اما در ایران براساس قانون اساسی، رسانه متعلق به تمام مردم است و صدای همه باید شنیده شود.
وی ادامه داد: الان مردم ایران اکثرا فیلمها و سریالهای خود را از شبکههای ترکیه و آمریکای لاتین تماشا میکنند که در این صورت سبک زندگی آنها، الگوی خانواده ایرانی میشود، بنابراین ما به تدریج الگوهای خود را از دست میدهیم و رونوشتی از زندگی ترکی میشویم در حالی که شیوه زندگی ما اینگونه نیست. ما تصور میکنیم که صداوسیما تنها از لحاظ سیاسی فیلتر میکند اما کار سختتر از آن است.
این عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد با اشاره به چند مسئله عمدهای که در ایران وجود دارد، اظهار کرد: سرمایه اجتماعی از بین رفته و نوعی بیقراری اجتماعی در جامعه شکل گرفته است. افراد مسئولیت اجتماعی خود را نمیپذیرند و آن را به خرابی جایی دیگر حواله میدهند. نکته دوم بیاعتمادی اجتماعی است. مردم همدیگر را به چشم گرگ و دشمن میبینند و مسئله سوم ناامنی اجتماعی است. این به منزله ناامنی طبیعی و واقعی نیست. حس ناامنی از خودمان وجود دارد.
وی افزود: رسانه ملی باید به این مسائل بپردازد و آنها را حلوفصل کند. نباید در بند این باشد که اصلاحطلب یا اصولگرا را پوشش میدهد و چه کسی را بایکوت و برای چه کسی ممنوعیت تصویری ایجاد میکند. این موارد روبنای سیاست است.
ارتباط با دانشگاه را از دست داده است
این استاد دانشگاه با بیان اینکه صداوسیما به زیربنای اجتماعی جواب درست نداده است و سعی نمیکند آن را درست کند بلکه به آن دامن میزند، عنوان کرد: صداوسیما در طول دوره آقای احمدینژاد بحث گرانی را پیش نکشید تا در مورد آن بحث و گفتوگو کند اما در دوره آقای روحانی مدام در این مورد صحبت میکند. این نشان از قضاوت یکسویه است. این بسیار خوب است که اگر گرانی اتفاق میافتد رسانه ملی روی آن به شدت حساس باشد و از آن جلوگیری کند اما نه اینکه یک بام و دوهوا عمل کند.
نجفزاده گفت: زمانی که مردم به رسانه ملی اعتماد داشته باشند این اعتماد در واقع از این به دست آمده که تمام خبرها را پوشش میدهد و هیچ حب و بغضی ندارد اما اینگونه نیست. رسانه ملی برای اینکه بتواند ناامنی اجتماعی، بیاعتمادی و نبود سرمایه اجتماعی را پوشش دهد باید سرمایهگذاری کلانی انجام دهد.
وی با اشاره به اینکه صداوسیما ارتباط خود را با طیف دانشگاه از بین برده است، خاطرنشان کرد: صداوسیما عملا علایق دانشگاهی را لحاظ نمیکند و با آنها ارتباط نمیگیرد. تهیهکنندهها و خبرگوها ساز خود را میزنند. فردی نیست که رابطه کاملی برقرار کند. در ایران هزاران مقاله در رابطه با سرمایه اجتماعی و بیاعتمادی نوشته شده، صداوسیما چقدر به آنها مراجعه کرده است؟
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