فرو ریختن دانشگاه
«بر اثر تحولات دنیای جدید دانش دیگر محدود به دانشگاهها نیست و مرزهای آکادمیک را درنوردیده است… تحولات فرهنگی پست مدرن در جوامع امروزین، دانش را به سوی دموکراتیک شدن کشانده است. این روند را باید با گذر از دانش عصر مدرن و دانشگاه کلاسیک، که نهاد انحصاری آن محسوب میشود، همزمان دانست».
این قسمتی از مقدمه کتاب دانش دموکراسی معرفتی، نوشته مجید ادیبزاده است. ادیبزاده در این کتاب بیان میدارد که امروزه «حصارهای سخت دنیای آکادمیک، که برای حفظ دانش و به سان نیرویی مشروعیت دهنده به دانش بود، سست شده و دانشگاه، با انقلاب دیجیتالی و ظهور فضای جهانی و جدید دانش، یعنی فضای مجازی، دچار بیمکانی شده و در نهایت دیوارهای دانشگاه کلاسیک فرو ریخته است».
با گسترش تحولات فرهنگی پست مدرن، شاهد ظهور سوژههای تازهای در عرصه دانش هستیم که زمانی تنها نقشی ابژه یا موضوی برای دانش مدرن داشتند. به طور مثال، جنبشهای زنان، رنگین پوستان غیراروپایی-آمریکاییها و… زمانی تنها موضوع مطالعات بودند، اما در عصر جدید همراه گروههای طردشده و حاشیهای دانش مدرن، خودشان در نقش سوژههای دانش ظاهر شدهاند و دانشگاه نیز در کنار دیگر نهادهای پراکنده دانش، جایگاهی برای تولید دانشهای نو به دست این سوژه¬های تازه شده است.
«با انقلاب دیجیتالی و پیدایش جوامع اطلاعاتی، دانش وارد زندگی روزمره شده و دیگر مجموعهای از تخصصی صرف به شمار نمیرود، بلکه گستره معرفتی جامعه به حساب میآید، گسترهای که بر نگرشهای معرفتی مردم، خارج از حوزههای تخصصی، نیز بسیار تأثیرگذار است».
در دوران جدید دانش به منزله «امری دموکراتیک» به حقوق معرفتی شهروندی جوامع دموکراتیک معنا داده است؛ و این حقوق، مبنای اصلی تبیین ظهور دموکراسیهای معرفتی در جوامع پیشرفته امروزین است.
دموکراتیک شدن دانش
از ویژگیهای دموکراسی، فرایند دموکراتیک شدن جهان انسانی در تمامی ابعاد آن است. مانهایم در دموکراتیک شدن فرهنگ این ویژگی دموکراسی را تحلیل کرده است؛ او بر این نظر است که دموکراسی به کل عرصههای زندگی انسانی و پدیدههای مرتبط با انسان سرایت خواهد کرد. از این دیدگاه، وضعیت جهان انسانی و پدیدههای مرتبط با انسان به طور کلی تقسیم میشود به وضعیت پیش دموکراتیک و وضعیت دموکراتیک.
ادیبزاده در ادامه دو میژگی برای دموکراسی میشناسد: ابتدا این که ایدهای «ناتمام» است و در مواجهه با چالشهای جدید جوامع انسانی، از خود زایندگی و انعطاف نشان میدهد و امکان رشد پدیدههای دموکراتیک متنوعی را در درون خود به وجود میآورد. و سپس این که ایده دموکراسی به کل عرصههای حیات انسانی و پدیدههای مرتبط با انسان از جمله دانش و معرفت سرایت میکند.
در واقع دموکراسی معرفتی به دنبال فرایند دموکراتیزاسیون دانش در جوامع امروزین امکان ظهور پیدا کرده و حاکی از آن است که دموکراسی در جهان امروزین با پدیده دانش دموکراتیک پیچیدهتر از پیش خواهد شد.
دانش جادویی و دانش انسانی
مولف در این قسمت مینویسد که سرچشمه دانش انسانهای نخستین در جادو ریشه دارد. در دانش پیش دموکراتیک نظیر دانش در دوران ابتدایی بشر، تنها افرادی خارقالعاده و دارای توانایی خاص، نیروی دستیابی به حقیقت را دارند اما در فضای دانش دموکراتیک همه افراد از این نیرو برخوردارند و با زحمت و تلاش فردی میتوانند به حقیقت برسند. دانش دموکراتیک با نیروی خرد و فردیت انسانها پیوند دارد و از دانش پیش دموکراتیک، که به اندیشه برتری هستی شناختی صاحبان اقتدار گره خورده، متمایز است. مانهایم درباره این اندیشه در جوامع پیشا موکراتیک مینویسد: «هیچ فرد، خانواده یا نهاد دیگری، بدون این که تصور شود که از جنسی برتر از انسانهای معمولی تشکیل شده است، نمیتواند اعمال اقتدار کند، و این همان منشأ جادویی نهاد پادشاهی است». بنابراین، اصل جادویی اقتدار در دانش پیش دموکراتیک، در برابر اصل دموکراتیک «برابری هستی شناسانه همه انسانها» در دانش دموکراتیک قرار می¬گیرد.
روشنگری و دانش دموکراتیک
مولف معتقد است دانش دموکراتیک با عصر روشنگری ظهور و بروز پیدا کرد.به نظر کانت (این فیلسوف عصر مدرن)، روشنگری به هیچ چیز نیازمند نیست مگر «آزادی کاربرد عقل خویش در امور همگانی به تمام و کمال». «کانت سعی داشت به انسانها بفهماند که نیرویی درونی در هر فرد انسانی وجود دارد که امکان شناخت را برای تمامی انسانها فراهم کرده است. سوژه خود بنیاد و خودانگیخته کانتی، انسانی مجهز به نیروی با به کارگیری عقل و بدون اتکا به هیچگونه نیروی خارق العاده و جادویی، به شناخت خود و جهان میپردازد.
در نهایت باید متذکر شد که روشنگری و مدرنیته تحول عظیمی در شناخت ایجاد کردند که محوریت انسان به منزله سوژه دانش عمدهترین دستاورد آن بوده است. این انسانگرایی سهم بسزایی در ظهور دانش دموکراتیک داشته است با این حال این بدان معنا نیست که گسست از دانش پیش دموکراتیک به دموکراسی معرفتی انجامیده است چون این اتفاق در دورهای رخ داده که دانش دموکراتیک از طریق کلانروایتها خود را مشروعیت داده است. دموکراسی معرفتی در واقع به این سیطره پایان داد.
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