دو زبان، دو فرهنگ، یک مترجم

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یکی از تقارن‌های زمانی که مصادف با انقلاب مشروطه در ایران اوج گرفته و تا کنون در کانون توجه قرار دارد نهضت و جنبش ترجمه است. اما همواره در میان هنرمندان و ادبیات نویس‌ها این بحث وجود داشته که در حوزه شعر، یک ترجمه چه مقدار از زیبایی‌ها و اجزای شعر را می‌تواند به زبان مقصد انتقال دهد. با مینا موسوی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی به صحبت نشستیم. تاکنون  ترجمه بیش از ده کتاب کودک و مقاله را با همین سن کم‌اش در کارنامه‌اش دارد. با او که تحصیلات مرتبط با آموزش زبان هم دارد، در مورد ترجمه و امکاناتی که یک هنرمند در حوزه  ترجمه، برای انتقال منویات یک شاعر از زبان مبدا دارد، گفت‌وگویی کوتاه انجام دادیم. موسوی متولد 1366از مشهد است و تحقیقات او در این زمینه خواندنی است.

 

  • اساسا ترجمه چه مقدار از مفاهیم یک زبان را می‌تواند انتقال دهد؟

اگر ترجمه را به صورت برگردان نوشته يا گفته‌اي از يك زبان به عنوان زبان مبدأ، به زبان ديگر يا زبان مقصد تعريف كنیم، مطلوب ترين نوع اين برگردان زماني تحقق مي‌يابد كه تأثیر آن نوشته يا گفته در خواننده يا شنوندة زبان مبدأ به خواننده یا شنونده زبان مقصد نیز منتقل شود. به عبارت ساده‌تر، ترجمه عبارت است از برگردان متني از زبان مبدأ به زبان مقصد بدون كوچكترين افزايش يا كاهش در صورت  يا معني. اين تعريف اگر چه دقیق است اما عملي نیست زیرا هیچ پیامي را نمي‌توان بدون تغییر در صورت و معني از زباني به زبان ديگر منتقل كرد که اين مسئله به ساختارهاي متفاوت زبان‌ها بر مي‌گردد. پس ابتدا باید در نظر گرفت ترجمه یک اثر، از زبانی به زبان دیگر به طور مطلق انجام نمی‌گیرد. چون هر زبانی از یک نظام خاص تبعیت می‌کند. در ترجمه یک اثر ادبی، علاوه بر دانش ترجمه، انتخاب واژگان و مسائل دیگری هم اهمیت دارد.

 

  • با توجه به این شرایط ترجمه شعر سخت‌تر است؟

مي‌دانیم كه ادبیات و به ويژه شعر در هر زبان از يك نظام خاص تبعیت مي‌كند. براي نمونه شعر فارسي بر اساس وزن و قافیه و رديف استوار است و به اصطلاح يك شعر عروضي است. علاوه بر آن تشبیهات، استعارات، كنايات و ضرب المثلها و اصطلاحات در هر زبان داراي ويژگی‌هاي خاصي هستند كه ترجمه لفظ به لفظ آنها در زبان مقصد بي‌معني خواهد بود علاوه بر آن، برخي عناصر در ادبیات فارسي و به ويژه شعر فارسي موجودند كه از آنها به عنوان عناصر ترجمه ناپذير ياد مي‌كنند. بدیهی است بخشي از مفهوم ، احساس و عاطفه‌اي كه شعر به خواننده منتقل مي‌كند به هنگام ترجمه به زبان ديگر از میان مي‌رود و تنها معناي لغوي واژه‌ها و بیت‌ها به خواننده زبان مقصد منتقل مي‌شود. شايد به همین دلیل باشد كه اكثر صاحبنظران ترجمه شعر را امري بیهوده مي‌دانند.

 

  • به تازگی با ابداع نرم افزار‌های ترجمه خیلی‌ها به خود اجازه می‌دهند با کمک همین نرم افزارها کار ترجمه انجام دهد. این روند چه آسیبی را بر پیکر ترجمه متون وارد می‌کند؟

در ترجمه توسط نرم افزارهای جدید فقط كلمه در برابر كلمه و عبارت در برابر عبارت قرار مي‌گیرد اما از اين جايگزيني همیشه يك ترجمه خوب حاصل نمي‌شود زيرا يك ترجمه «به نظام هاي زبان مبدا و مقصد، هدف مترجم از ترجمه متن، مخاطب يا خواننده متن و نوع سبك و سیاق متن مورد ترجمه» بستگي دارد و يك مترجم بايد به دو زبان تسلط كامل داشته باشد، بايد محتواي متن و قصد نويسنده را بخوبي درك كند، از دانشي وسیع در زبان مبدأ و مقصد برخوردار باشد، از ترجمه لفظ به لفظ كه هم به مفهوم متن اصلي و هم به زيبايي آن لطمه وارد مي‌كند بپرهیزد، بايد شكل‌هاي گفتاري رايج و متداول در دو زبان را بشناسد و به كار گیرد و از طريق انتخاب و ترتیب مناسب كلمات، تأثیري همه جانبه و لحني مناسبِ متن اصلي به ترجمه ببخشد. بنابر این نمی‌توان انتظار داشت که یک نرم افزار ترجمه، توانایی های ذکر شده را داشته باشد.

 

  • بسیاری از منتقدین بر این باورند که ترجمه اگر به همین منوال ادامه راه دهد باید منتظر افول آن به عنوان یک کار تخصصی باشیم. اعتقاد شما چیست؟

بله. این کار علاوه بر تسلط كافي به دو زبان مستلزم علاقه، ذوق و استعداد نیز هست و جمع شدن همه اين ويژگی‌ها در يك فرد به ندرت اتفاق مي‌افتد. آموزش ترجمه در دانشگاه‌ها نیز با مشكلات عديده‌اي روبروست. متاسفانه دانشجويان زماني دروس ترجمه را مي‌گذرانند كه در مورد خود زبان دوم (مثلا زبان انگلیسی) اطلاعات كافي ندارند و هنوز در مورد واژه‌ها و ساختارهاي ساده آن دچار مشكل هستند. از طرف ديگر، بسیاري از دانشجويان فارسي زبان كه درس اصول و ترجمه را مي‌گذرانند فكر مي‌كنند كه مشكلات فقط مربوط به زبان دوم است در حالیكه اكثر آنها با ساختار و تركیبات زبان فارسي نیز آشنايي كافي ندارند و از اصول نگارش فارسي نیز خیلي كم اطلاع دارند. همین عوامل تا حدی باعث مي‌شود که در آینده در کشورمان مترجمانی داشته باشیم که قادر به ارائه ترجمه‌های مناسب نباشند.

 

  • آیا مترجم یک هنرمند است؟

مترجم، از تجربه و شخصیت خودش، برای تفسیر معنای واقعی متون مبدا، بهره می‌گیرد. البته این کار، همیشه ساده نیست و به خلاقیت نیاز دارد. گاهی اوقات بایستی نویسنده متن اصلی را به عنوان یک شخصیت، تصور کنید و ویژگیهای شخصیتی او را در لحن و سبک ترجمه خودتان، مورد توجه قرار بدهید. البته این کار تا حدی عدم واقعیت را انتقال می‌دهد و این خطر وجود دارد که مترجم، به جای مقصود نویسنده اصلی اثر، باورها یا نگرش‌های خودش را وارد متن کند. مترجمین، هنرمند به حساب می‌آیند. چون، همیشه، مشغول کار جدیدی هستند و روی متن مبدا متفاوتی کار می‌کنند. مترجم باید برای انتقال درست لحن، مقصود و محتوای متن مبدا اصلی و نویسنده آن، ویژگی‌های مختلفی را مورد توجه قرار داده و دست به خلاقیت بزند.

 

 

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