تفاوت علم و فلسفه

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شاید تا کنون به این فکر کرده باشید که چه فرقی میان فلسفه و علم وجود دارد. فرناندو سَوَتِر در مقدمه کتاب خود «پرسش‌های زندگی» برای ورود به بحث خود ابتدا مرزهای مشخص علم و فلسفه را ترسیم و به موارد زیر در تفکیک این دو موضوع اشاره می‌کند.

  1. هدف علم آن است که بداند چه چیزهایی وجود دارند و چه اتفاق‌هایی روی می‌دهد؛ فلسفه به تأمل در این باره می‌پردازد که آن چیزهایی که می‌دانیم وجود دارند و اتفاق می‌افتند، برای ما چه معنایی دارند.
  2. علم حوزه‌های دانش و شیوه‌های کسب آن را تکثیر می‌کند و به عبارت دیگر، کارش تخصصی کردن و قطعه کردن است. فلسفه بر مرتبط کردن هر قطعه از دانش و قطعات دیگر اصرار دارد و سعی می‌کند آنها را در چارچوبی نظری قرار دهد تا چشم‌اندازی از این گونه‌گونی را برای ماجرای فکری مشترک ما، یعنی انسان بودن، فراهم آورد. ص17.
  3. علم واقعیت را به عناصر نظری نامرئی می‌شکند و به فرمول‌های ریاضی، ذرات، امواج و تجریداتی که برای ما قابل ادرام حسی نیستند، تقلیل می‌دهد.
  4. فلسفه بدون نادیده گرفتن یا کنار گذاشتن این رویکرد، احیا کننده واقعیت زنده آن چیزی است که ما درک می‌کنیم و زندگی واقعی خود را با همه فراز و نشیب‌هایش در آن سپری می‌کنیم.
  5. علم به ما می‌گوید که درختان و میزها مجموعه‌ای از الکترون‌ها و نوترون‌ها و نظایر آن هستند؛ فلسفه بدون آنکه اهمیت چنین مکاشفه‌ای را نادیده بگیرد ما را به واقعیت انسانی باز می‌گرداند، جایی که در میان درختان و میزها زندگی می‌کنیم.
  6. علم در پی دست یافتن به دانش متقن است، نه مفروضات صرف؛ فلسفه می‌خواهد بداند کل چیزهایی که می‌دانیم چه معنایی برایمان دارد… زیرا گرایش فلسفه طرح پرسش درباره مسائلی است که از دیدگاه عالمان بدیهی قلمداد می‌شود یا برای همیشه تکلیف خود را با آن روشن کرده‌اند. ص18.
  7. فلسفه پاسخ ارائه می‌دهد، نه راه حل (برخلاف علم)، و این پاسخ‌ها پرسش‌های اولیه را پاک نمی‌کنند، بلکه به ما امکان می‌دهند که خردمندانه با آنها زندگی کنیم؛ هرچند ممکن است بارها و بارها به طرح مجدد آنها بپردازیم. ص19.
  8. می‌توان برای بعضی پرسش‌ها راه‌حل‌های رضایت‌بخش یافت، اما اینها پرسش‌هایی هستند که علم مطرح می‌کند. به گمان ما، پرسش‌های دیگری هستند که احتمالا نمی‌توان آنها را کاملا حل کرد و پاسخگویی به آنها –به شکلی همواره نارضایت‌بخش- کار فلسفه است. ص20.
  9. دانشمندان می‌توانند از کشفیات دانشمندان دیگر استفاده کنند، بدون آنکه خودشان تمامی استدلالها، محاسبات و آزمایش‌های مربوط را انجام دهند، اما یک فیلوسوف نمی‌تواند به سادگی پاسخ‌های فیلوسوفان دیگر را بپذیرد و یا اعتبار و مرجعیتشان را به عنوان دلیلی بی‌چون وچرا قبول کند.
  10. هدف پیشرفت‌های علمی، ارتقای دانش جمعی ما از واقعیت است، حال آنکه فلسفه به ما کمک می‌کند تا دیدگاه شخص خود را از جهان متحول کنیم و گسترش دهیم.
  11. یک دانشمند می‌تواند می‌تواند به نیابت از دانشمندی دیگر کار پژوهش او را ادامه دهد اما هیچکس نمی‌تواند به نیابت از شخص دیگر به تفکر فلسفی بپردازد.
  12. در نهایت فلسفه ورزیدن یک روش است، یعنی راهی که تفکر در امتداد آن سفر می‌کند؛ نوعی شیوه نگاه کردن به چیزها و پرداختن به برهان‌ها. ص21.

 

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