تعزیهخوانی دیده نمیشود!
شاید شما هم مثل من از پدرتان شنیده باشید که روزهای عاشورا و تاسوعا در همین مشهد خودمان تعزیهخوانها مردم را به تماشای قسمتهایی از تاریخ این کشور میکشاندند و مردم مشتاق به سوگواری ساعتها و ساعتها به تماشای این نمایشهای مذهبی مینشستند. مراسمی که این روزها شاید دیگر مثل سابق رونق ندارد و مجریان آن این روزها بنا به دلایل بسیار کمتر شدهاند. نزدیک شدن به سالروز شهادت امیر مومنان علی(ع) آنهم در ماه مبارک رمضان بهانهای بود تا با یکی از تعزیهخوانان مشهد گفتوگو داشته باشیم. محمد کاظمی که به گفته خودش بیش از پانزده سال است به این رشته هنری دیرینه علاقهدارد و به آن میپردازد، از طریق تماس تلفنی کوتاه و چکیده به بررسی برخی از معضلات و دشواریهای این روزهای تعزیهخوانان پرداخت.
روضه و تعزیه
کاظمی در رابطه با این هنر دیرنه و آیین مذهبی و تفاوت آن با روضه و روضهخوانی گفت: روضه با توجه به اینکه قالب نمایشی ندارد بیان مصیبتها از طریق نقل قول یا از طریق شعر است و موضوعش با تعزیه متفاوت است. تعزیه نمایشی است به شکل شعر یا منظوم که داستانهای قرآنی و مباحثی مربوط به زندگی ائمه اطهار و مخصوصا واقعه کربلا را بیان میکند و آمیختهای است از واقعیت و اسطوره که در آن عناصیری مثل موسیقی مذهبی، حرکت و شعر و نمایش با هم تلفیق میشود و نمایش تعزیه را میسازد. روضه به طور متداول توسط مداح و کسی که نسبت به مسائل فقهی آشنایی دارد اجرا میشود اما تعزیه قالبی نمایشی دارد و اجرا کنندگان آن به نوعی بازیگران هنرهای نمایشی هستند.
موافقخوانها و مخالفخوانها
در مشهد از قدیم گروههایی فعال بودند که در قالب هیأتهای مذهبی تعزیه اجرا میکردند و شکل کار به صورتی است که کسی در نقش کارگردان افرادی را در نقشهای موافقخوان و مخالفخوان قرار میدهد و آنها را دور هم جمع میکند و نهایتا تعزیه را بر اساس نمایشنامههای تعزیه به اجرا میگذارد.
من از پنج و شش سالگی تعزیه خواندم و از کودکی تعزیهخوانهای بسیاری را به یاد دارم. در حال حاضر متأسفانه شاید بتوانیم بگوییم یک یا دو گروه تعزیهخوانی هست که فعال است. ما در موسسهای تکمنظوره هنری به نام «طلایهداران تعزیه خراسان» سال قبل توانستیم مجوزی بگیریم و موسسهای به ثبت برسانیم. خودمان هم از پانزده سال پیش در قالب هیأت جوانان بنیهاشم فعالیت و این توفیق را داشتهایم تا در دو سوگواره ملی عاشورائیان فارس و سوگواره کاشمر شرکت کنیم. گروههای دیگری هم در مشهد فعالیت دارند اما اینکه جلساتِ تمرینی منظم داشته باشند، یا اجراهای منظمی داشته باشند، متأسفانه وجود ندارد. دغدغه ما در جلسهای که با مدیر ارشاد مشهد داشتیم و به طرح خواستهها پرداختیم حمایت از تعریه و تعزیهخوانها است، در جلسهای هم که داشتیم گفتیم که باید به طور خیلی جدی به این بحث پرداخته شود.
مشهد در تعزیه ضعیف است!
اگر بخواهیم با شهرهای دیگر که در تعزیه خوانی موفق هستند خودمان را مقایسه کنیم، تعزیه در مشهد با توجه به اینکه پایتخت فرهنگی ایران است به هیچ وجه در جایگاه مطلوبی نیست. اصفهان، قزوین، اراک و تهران در حال حاضر در این حوزه خیلی فعال و موفق هستند. ارگانهای متولی این جریان در مشهد که اداره فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، شهرداری و میراث فرهنگی هستند به عنوان متولیان بحث تعزیه ساماندهی منظم و وفاق جدی نسبت به تعزیه ندارند و ما به عنوان کسانی که در این رشته هستیم هنوز مکان مشخصی برای اجرا نداریم.
مکان در واقع جایی است که مردم بدانند هر سال در ایام مذهبی آنجا تعزیه خوانده میشود و داشتن این مکان حداقل چیزی است که میشود در اختیار تعزیهخوانان قرار داد. چه ایرادی دارد که مکانی به تعزیهخوانها اختصاص داده شود تا هم شأن تعزیه رعایت شود و هم اینکه مردم مطلع باشند در ایامی از سال آنجا تعزیه خوانده میشود.
الان در شهرهای دیگر با توجه به اینکه مکانهای منظمی دارند، این موضوع باعث شده روز به روز به رونق تعزیه اضافه شود و مخاطبین که خود مردم هستند از آن حمایت کنند. هنر تعزیه هنر مردمی بوده و خواهد ماند. در همین مشهد هر جا خوب اطلاعرسانی شده است دیدیم که استقبال خیلی زیاد بوده است.
دیده نمیشویم!
از سوی دیگر در حوزه آموزش ما مرجعی برای آموزش تعزیهخوانها نداریم. در حوزه حمایتهای مادی و معنوی دیده نشدهایم و در هیچ کدام از نهادهایی که متولی این جریان است، برنامهای مدون برای حمایت از ما وجود ندارد. در حوزه تعزیهخوانها هم، گروهها چون حرفهای به این کار نمیپردازند این کار به جریانی حرفهای تبدیل نمیشود و تعزیهخوانها فقط خیلی مقطعی به این رشته میپردازند. متأسفانه همین باعث شده که نسل جوان از این هنر فاصله بگیرد و پیشکسوتان این رشته هم به انزوا بروند. اگر جریان به همین شکل پیش برود باید تعزیه را به همین اجراهای محدود اکتفا کنیم.
ما حتی تریبونی هم نداریم. گروهای تئاتر امروز مکانهایی برای اجرا دارند و بلیت فروشی میکنند و مخاطبان خودشان را دارند، حتی جشنوارههایی دارند که در هنرمندان این رشته رغبت ایجاد میکند، چیزی که ما در شهرستانها به نام سوگواره داریم اما در مشهد از سال 81 که شهرداری حماسه غدیر را برگزار کرده تا کنون سوگوارهای نداشتیم و این عدم رقابت میان گروههای تعزیهخوان به رکود این جریان انجامیده است و کیفیت کار را هم کاهش داده است. فقط امیدواریم از طریق رسانه بتوانیم صدایمان را به گوش مسئولین برسانیم چون متأسفانه با این وضع آینده خوبی برای تعزیهخوانی وجود ندارد.
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