متولیان صنف وکالت چگونه ترمز داوطلبان را کشیدند
اعمال سلیقه متولیان صنف وکالت و تفسیر به رای قانون، مبدل به سد محکمی در برابر دارندگان مدرک کارشناسی ارشد حقوق شده است. این در حالی است که دانشآموختگان مقطع کارشناسی حقوق نیز برای قبولی در آزمون وکالت، باید از سد تعیین ظرفیتهای غیراصولی گذر کنند.
به گزارش روزنامه «صبح امروز» و به نقل از فارس، در کشور ما اخذ مدرک حقوق، شرط انحصاری ورود به حرفه وکالت است و هیچ جایگزینی برای آن وجود ندارد، اما بررسی فرآیند ورود به حرفه وکالت در برخی از کشورهای پیشرفته، نشان میدهد که بر خلاف رویه موجود در کشور ما، نه تنها شرکت و پذیرش در آزمون وکالت، منحصر به داشتن مدرک تحصیلی در رشته حقوق نیست، بلکه این کشورها با برگزاری دورههای آموزشی جایگزین و فشرده سعی میکنند تا زمینه شرکت دانشآموختکان سایر رشتهها را نیز در آزمون پروانه وکالت فراهم آورند.
اما در این میان، نکته تاملبرانگیز این است که متولیان صنف وکالت در کشور ما پا را از این هم فراتر نهادهاند و شرایط سختگیرانهتری در این خصوص اعمال کردهاند. در قوانین صراحتا مجوز شرکت در آزمون به همه دانشآموختگان مقاطع مختلف رشته حقوق داده شده است، اما بر خلاف قانون، متولیان این صنف، حق شرکت در آزمون و یا دوره کارآموزی را از افرادی که مدرک کارشناسی حقوق ندارند، سلب کردهاند. به طور مثال اگر شخصی در مقطع کارشناسی از یکی از رشتههای مهندسی فارغالتحصیل شده و در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد مدرک حقوق دریافت کرده باشد از شرکت و پذیرش در آزمون پروانه وکالت محروم است.
مرور تجربه جهانی نشان میدهد که به طور مثال در فرآیند ورود به حرفه وکالت کشور انگلیس، برای افرادی که مدرک تحصیلی حقوق ندارند، مسیر جایگزینی در نظر گرفته شده است. به این شکل که این افراد باید در دوره یک ساله تبدیل مدرک تحت عنوان (GDL) شرکت نموده و در طی این دوره آموزشهای حقوقی لازم را دریافت کنند. پس از طی دوره GDL آنها نیز میتوانند همانند دانشآموختگان رشته حقوق، ادامه فرآیند ورود به حرفه وکالت را طی کنند. در کشور مالزی نیز دانشآموختگان رشته حقوق در دانشگاههای ملی به راحتی و بدون آزمون میتوانند وارد دوره کارآموزی شده و پس از طی این دوره پروانه وکالت خود را دریافت نمایند. فارغالتحصیلان حقوق و رشتههای مرتبط از موسسات آزاد نیز تنها با شرکت در یک آزمون میتوانند وارد دوره کارآموزی شوند.
در کشور ما و تا پیش از تشکیل اسکودا(اتحادیه سراسری کانونهای وکلای دادگستری ایران)، آزمون پروانه وکالت کانونها به صورت مجزا برگزار شده و به همین دلیل با موضوع پذیرش دارندگان مدرک کارشناسی ارشد حقوق، سلیقه ای برخورد میشد. در این شرایط، ممکن بود برخی از داوطلبان در جریان مذاکره با هیئت مدیره کانونها پذیرفته شوند. با تشکیل اتحادیه سراسری و برگزاری آزمون یکپارچه، در زمان ثبت نام از داوطلبان مدرک کارشناسی حقوق درخواست میشود و عملا امکان اخذ پروانه وکالت توسط دارندگان مدرک کارشناسی ارشد حقوق از بین رفتهاست.
آنچه در صدر ماده دو قانون کیفیت اخذ پروانه وکالت آمده بدین شرح است که: « برای افرادی پروانه وکالت صادر میشود که علاوه بر دارا بودن دانشنامه لیسانس یا بالاتر حقوق یا فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی …. دارای شرایط ذیل باشند…» به وضوح مشخص است که بین دو کلمه «لیسانس» و «بالاتر» از کلمه «یا» استفاده شده است و این بدان معنی است که دارندگان مدرک تحصیلی مقطع بالاتر نیز باید بتوانند در آزمون پروانه وکالت شرکت کرده و مانند بقیه افراد پذیرفته شوند، اما انحصار موجود در بازار خدمات حقوقی و تعارض منافع متولیان این صنف باعث شده است تا در تخلفی آشکار، قانون را تفسیر به رای نموده و مانع پذیرش بخشی از فارغالتحصیلان حقوق در آزمون پروانه وکالت شوند.
استفاده از عبارت «یا بالاتر» در متن این ماده در حالی است که در مواد دیگر، زمانی که مقصود قانونگذار اخذ مدرک کارشناسی حقوق بوده است، صراحتا عنوان کارشناسی استفاده شده و از ذکر عبارتی چون «یا بالاتر» و یا «حداقل» خودداری شده است. به طور مثال در بند «د» ماده واحده قانون اصلاح ماده 8 لایحه قانونی استقلال کانون وکلای دادگستری مصوب 1373، قانونگذار در خصوص کارمندان حقوقی ادارات دولتی که میتوانند بدون آزمون، پروانه وکالت دریافت کنند صراحتا داشتن مدرک کارشناسی حقوق را لازم دانسته و از عباراتی نظیر «یا بالاتر» و «حداقل» در ادامه آن استفاده نکرده است.
اعمال سلیقه متولیان صنف وکالت و تفسیر به رای قانون، مبدل به سد محکمی در برابر دارندگان مدرک کارشناسی ارشد حقوق شده است. این در حالی است که دانشآموختگان مقطع کارشناسی حقوق نیز برای قبولی در آزمون وکالت، باید از سد تعیین ظرفیتهای غیراصولی گذر کنند. در حال حاضر سرانه وکیل در کشور ما در حدود 76 وکیل به ازای هر 100 هزار نفر است. بررسی وضعیت بازار خدمات حقوقی کشور ما نشان از نیاز روزافزون کشور به وکلای کارآمد دارد و این امر در سایه اعمال سلیقه و تفسیر به رای قانون از سوی متولیان صنف وکالت، تاکنون عملی نشده است.
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