چرا سینمای کمدی مخاطب بیشتری دارد؟
مخاطب حوصله فیلم تلخ ندارد
مریم اصغری
شاید پر بیراه نباشد که بگوئیم در سینمای بحرانزده کنونی از اپیدمی کرونا فیلمهای کمدی تا حد زیادی توانستهاند از افت مخاطب سینما جلوگیری کنند.
به گزارش روزنامه «صبح امروز» فروش بالای گیشه در سالهای اخیر بیانگر این است که فیلمهای کمدی نبض بازار را در دست گرفتهاند و حتی بسیاری از فیلمسازان را به این نتیجه رساندهاند که برای رضایت مخاطبان و البته بازگشت سرمایه تهیه کنندگان، به این عرصه ورود کنند. مصداق تائید این موضوع نیز نگاهی به جدول پرفروشهای فعلی است که نشان میدهد فیلمهای کمدی از لحاظ فروش با فیلمهایی که در ژانرهای دیگری ساخته شده و روی پرده رفتهاند فاصله زیادی دارند.
بهعنوان نمونه در هفتههای اخیر چهار فیلم دینامیت، گشت ارشاد3، قهرمان و بیهمه چیز روی پرده رفتهاند که در این میان «دینامیت» مسعود اطیابی در 197 روز اکران بالغ بر 41 میلیارد تومان، «گشت ارشاد3» سعید سهیلی با 58 روز اکران قریب به 33.5 میلیارد تومان، «قهرمان» اصغر فرهادی با 79 روز اکران 11.5میلیارد تومان و «بی همه چیز» محسن قرایی با 30روز اکران کمی بیش از 5.5میلیارد تومان فروش داشتهاند.
اکنون اما این سوال به وجود میآید که چرا فيلمهاي كمدي غالبا با اقبال بيشتري از سوي مخاطب مواجه ميشود و فروش بالايي دارد؟
جامعه ما يكي از افسردهترين جوامع است
در این خصوص یک منتقد سینما در گفتگو با «صبح امروز» مطرح میکند: بگذارید این موضوع را با طرح یک پرسش آغاز کنیم. اگر فيلمهاي چارلي چاپلين در دورهای به جز دوران سخت جنگ جهاني بروز و ظهور میيافت، آیا به همین میزانی که اکنون از او در تاریخ سینما یاد میکنیم، مورد استقبال قرار میگرف؟
ایمان امامی ادامه میدهد: فارغ از قابليتهاي ویژه سينماي كمدي چاپلين از حيث سينمايي، بدون شک موفقيت او در بستر اجتماعي تاريخي اتفاق افتاده است. چراکه مردم بهواسطه تلخيها و رنجهاي ناشي از تجربه رنج در پي سينمايي بودند كه بتواند از رنج آنها بكاهد و امكان فراموشي موقت را براي آنها فراهم كند.
وی با تاکید بر اینکه « جامعه ما طبق آمارهاي جهاني يكي از افسردهترين جوامع است» میگوید: اين مساله شايد براي ما كه در اين جامعه زندگي ميكنيم بهقدري مشهود و ملموس باشد كه نيازمند تاييد آماري و پژوهشي هم نباشد. در چنین جامعه ای،سینما ابزاری برای فراموش کردن دشواری ها و سختی های زندگی علی الخصوص در حوزه اقتصادی است. در این بین بالطبع فيلمهاي كمدي بهترين ژانر ممكن براي اين هدف هستند.
مردم این روزها حوصله فیلم تلخ ندارند
وی می افزاید: کافی است به گیشه سینماها مراجعه کنید و با مردم صحبت کنید تا متوجه شوید که مردم این روزها حوصله فیلم تلخ ندارند و حالشان خوب نیست. زمانی که جامعه به سینمای تلخ واکنش نشان میدهد، کارگردان مجبور است زبان خود را با مردم تغییر دهد.
این منتقد سینما با اشاره به اینکه « تلخی فیلمهای ژانر اجتماعی و در برخی موارد تکراری بودن مضامین از دلایل تمایل مردم به فیلمهای کمدی است» ابراز میکند: البته گرايش عمومی به فيلمهاي كمدي را ميتوان در رفتارشناسي ايرانيان نیز بررسی كرد؛ چراکه مردم کشور ما غالبا از روحيه طنز و شوخطبعي برخوردار هستند و همين روحيه فارغ از اينكه دلايل اجتماعي آن چيست ميتواند در گرايش به فيلمهاي كمدي موثر باشد.
وی تاکید میکند: اگر گرايش به ژانر كمدي را یک كنش اجتماعي بدانیم، بدون تردید عواملی از جمله فرهنگ، نظام اجتماعي، طبقه و بسياري از عوامل اجتماعي ديگر در شكلگيري این انتخابها در تماشاي یک فيلم دخیل است.
تنزل سطح سليقه مخاطب و عدم گرايش به فيلمهاي جديتر
امامی تصریح میکند: موضوع این است که هم نمیتوان فی نفسه یک فیلم کمدی را فیلمی غیر جدی دانست، چراکه بسیاری از فیلمهای واجد تفکر در بستر کمدی رخ نمایی میکنند و هم نمیتوان از این موضوع غافل شد که نمادها و پارادایمهای تکراری در آثار طنز سالهای اخیر، فیلم های کمدی را از معنا تهی کرده و بحران تنزل سطح سليقه مخاطب و عدم گرايش او به فيلمهاي جديتر را به ارمغان آورده است
وی با اشاره به یک جمله معروف از «وودی آلن» بیان میکند: “فیلم کمدی به معنای دلقکبازی نیست و بازیگران اینگونه فیلمها، مجاز به استفاده از لودگی برای خنداندن تماشاگر نیستند.” این دقیقا همان چیزی است که عکس آن در سینمای ما در حال رخ دادن است. هرچند معتقدم فیلمهای کمدی خواسته و نیاز جامعه امروز ما است و جامعه از سینما میخواهد که فیلم کمدی بسازد؛ اما این اتفاق نباید به هر قیمتی بیفتد. اکنون اما فیلمسازان فارغ از اهمیت محتوا، با استفاده از هر اصولی برای خندان تماشاگر تلاش میکنند.
هر فیلم موفقی در گیشه، فیلمی خوب نیست
این کارشناس سینمایی تاکید میکند: معمولا آثار کمدی برای تجارت در سینما ساخته میشوند. چراکه تهیهکنندگان و کارگردانان به دنبال اطمینان برای فروش خوب در گیشه و البته ضمانت فروش فیلمهای بعدی خود با تجربه ساخت یک فیلم پرفروش کمدی هستند.
وی با اشاره به اینکه «مخاطب است که سرنوشت اقتصادی یک فیلم را مشخص میکند» میگوید: ما در خيلي از مواقع با يك تضاد و دوگانگي بين سويه هنري و اقتصادي در سينما مواجه هستيم؛ این بدان معنا است که شکافی عمیق بین فیلم خوب و فیلم پرفروش وجود دارد و لزوما هر فیلم موفقی در گیشه، فیلمی خوب نیست!
امامی در پایان بندی صحبتهای خود با اشاره به لزوم مخاطب شناسی در سینمای ایران برای دستیابی به فروشی موفق در گیشه مطرح میکند: بدون شک نسبتی متقابل میان اقتصاد سینما و مخاطب آن وجود دارد و بدون تردید برای روشن نگه داشتن چراغ سینما گریزی از ضرورت مخاطب شناسی وجود ندارد.
سينماي تجاري جايي در دنيا ندارد
همچنین چندی پیش یک منتقد سينما درباره سينماي تجاري و جايگاهش در سينماي كشور به ایرنا گفت: اين اصطلاحِ سينماي تجاري نميتواند اصطلاح درستي باشد. يعني بعيد ميدانم مسئلهاي به اسم سينماي تجاري جايي در دنيا داشته باشد. ولي ما سينما و فيلمهاي اينترتيمنت، يعني صنعت اينترتيمنت و سرگرمي داريم. آثار سرگرمكننده وظيفهاش اين است كه مردم را به سالن سينما بكشاند كه اين جريان، جريان اصلي سينما است. در جريان اصلي سينما هر دو بحث يعني اينترتيمنت و ارزشهاي هنري را داريم. به عبارت ديگر، جريان اصلي سينما متشكل از هنر بهعلاوه سرگرمي است. اين تعريف كلاسيك و كلي در دنيا است. در ايران به دليل اينكه كمتر به سرگرمي نزديك ميشوند و كمتر هنري از كار در ميآيند براي خودشان اصطلاحات جديدي تعريف ميكنند.
سينماگران از شرايط غيرطبيعي استفاده ميكنند
رضا درستکار در پاسخ به این پرسش که «این فيلمهاي پرفروش کمدی را بايد جزو كداميك از آثار سينمايي بدانيم؟» عنوان كرد: اگر بخواهيم از نظر تاريخ سينمايي بگوييم، آمريكاييها به اين دسته فيلمها «trash movie» ميگويند. اما در كشور ما اين تفكر وجود دارد كه مردم زياد به سينما و ديدن اين آثار رفتهاند و توانستهاند يك فروش 20 تا30 ميليارد توماني هم داشته باشند. شرايط مردم ايران از نظر اقتصادي خيلي شرايط مناسبي نيست. خود اين سينماگران از اين شرايط غيرطبيعي استفاده ميكنند. فيلمسازان تجاري كشور يعني كساني كه فيلمهاي خود را تجاري ميدانند از شرايط غيرطبيعي در ايران استفاده ميكنند. چون ميدانند در حال حاضر فيلم كمدي ميفروشد. چرا؟ چون مردم اعصابشان خورد است. ميآيند تا ساعتي سرگرم و خوشحال شوند. از يك شرايط استفاده ميكنند و كارِ خود اين گروه از كارگردانان، قوزبالاقوز ميشود. يعني اين اتفاق زاييده شرايط غيرطبيعي است و فيلم تجاري سخيفِ بيارزش به خاطر اين شرايط متولد شده است. خودش هم دملي چركين بر اين شرايط ميشود؛ يعني هيچ ارزشي ندارد. مردم تنها اين آثار را ميبينند، ميخندند و فراموش ميكنند. بالاخره سينما تنها تفريح مردم است
مردم حتی همین شوخیها را دوست دارند
در همین راستا نیز چندی پیش یک بازیگر و دستیار کارگردان سینما و تلویزیون گفت: برای فروش چند معیار بیشتر وجود ندارد: مردم را بخندانید، این اولین معیار است و دوم این است که گروه بازیگران بهاصطلاح سینماداران، کله داشته باشد (مشهور باشند) و مردم را بکشاند و سوم مؤلفههایی را در فیلمنامه رعایت کنید که برای روز مردم باشد؛ زمانی که با مهران مدیری هم کار میکردیم روال به همین شکل بود؛ یعنی دقیقاً قصه زندگی روز مردم را شب پخش میکردیم.
وحید مهیندوست در پاسخ به این پرسش که «چرا کمدیهای ما به سمت نوعی از لودگی رفته و رسالت کمدی را فراموش کردهاند»، گفت: این را قبول دارم ولی ما دو دسته بیننده برای فیلم داریم؛ یک دسته خود ما هستیم یعنی رسانه، دوستان سینمایی و هنرمندان که با غرض میرویم هر فیلمی را میبینیم و به این غرض ورزی شک نکنید. بخش دیگر مردم هستند و از نظر من چیزی که مردم بپسندند (چه لوده باشد و چه غیرلوده)، دوست داشته باشند و از آن لذت ببرند مهم است و این امر میتواند مؤثر باشد.
دستیار کارگردان فیلم سینمایی کوسه ادامه داد: برخی از فیلمهایی که لودگی دارند، فیلمهایی هستند که شوخیهای جنسی در آنها بهکاررفته و این درست نیست و نباید باشد و من هم موافقم؛ ولی مردم حتی همین شوخیها را دوست دارند و این واقعیت است
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