جواهری در قلب تاریخ
در روزهایی که دگرگونیهای پرشتاب فضاهای معماری و شهری را بسیار متفاوت از گذشته کرده است، اسناد دیداری و شنیداری گنجینههای پنهانی هستندکه حکم حافظهی تاریخی روزگار معاصر ما را دارند. اینگنجینهها، شواهد بیبدیلی برای مطالعه و بررسی تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی معاصرند.
قدیمیترین عکسهای زیارتی جهان و قدیمیترین عکس مشهد مربوط به ۱۵۹ سال پیش است که آنتونیو جانوتزی عکاس اهل ماترای ایتالیا آنها را گرفته است. ماترا شهری تاریخی در جنوب ایتالیا است که سال ۲۰۱۹ پایتخت فرهنگی اروپا خواهد بود. در این مراسم پاسکواله دوریا، روزنامهنگار و فعال فرهنگی اهل ماترا، درباره معرفی ماترا، معماری ماترا و شباهتها و تفاوتها، تجربهی ماترا در پایتختی فرهنگی اروپا، تجربیات حفظ، مرمت و احیای بناها، سازمانهای مردمنهاد شهر و معماری و فعالیتهای مدنی آنها مطالبی را بازگو کرد. همچنین نسرین ترابی عکاس و پژوهشگر، مهندس سعید مهرپویا بهعنوان مجری کارشناس حضور داشتند. این نشست با همت کانون هماندیشی معماری مشهد و به میزبانی پژوهشکده ثامن برگزار شد که در این مراسم علاقهمندان زیادی در حوزه معماری و عکاسی حضور داشتند.
در ابتدای مراسم مهرپویا درباره ارتباط بین مشهد و ماترا گفت: روز 25 آذر بهعنوان روز عکس تاریخی در تقویم قرار است اعلام شود. بههمین خاطر در راستای پژوهشهای که در کانون صورت گرفت به قدیمیترین عکس از مشهدکه نزدیک 159 سال قبل توسط «جانوتزی» گرفته شد، دست پیدا کردیم. این عکس باعث آشنای ما با ماترای ایتالیا و «پاسکواله دوریا» گردید.
ماترا شهری در دل کوه
در ادامه پاسکواله دوریا، روزنامهنگار اهل ماترای ایتالیا ضمن معرفی شهر خود گفت: من از یک شهرکوچک در جنوب ایتالیا با جمعیت ۶٠ هزار نفری به اسم ماترا آمدم و جمعیت خیلی جوانی داریم. ماترا یکی از قدیمیترین شهرهای جهان است، درآن آثاری از دوران سنگی و عصرحجر پیدا شده است. شهر قدیمی ما در آن خانههای تراشیده شده در سنگ وجود دارد که بسیار ارزشمند و جذاب هستند.
این روزنامهنگار ایتالیایی عنوان کرد: بعد از جنگ جهانی دوم وضعیت زندگی مردم بسیار سخت و مشکل شد وپس از جنگ دولت تصمیم به بازسازی این شهر گرفت و در کمیسیونی از جامعهشناسان، مهندسین معماری، متخصصین شهرسازی دعوت کردند تا الگوهای مناسبی را ارائه دهند. وی اظهار کرد: قسمت تاریخی شهر را «ساسی دی ماترای» گویند که وضعیت زندگی مردم در سطح پائینی قرار داشت. در آن زمان ساکنان شروع بهکندهکاری سنگهای نرم برای ایجاد خانههایشان کردند و خانههای در دل کوه و شبیه غار برای خودشان درست کردند و بدون هیچ دانشی و یا کمک مهندس و معماری خانههای زیبا در دل کوه ساختند. این خانهها باعث امتیاز در ماترا شد و در یونسکو بهثبت جهانی رسید.
این پژوهشگر و روزنامهنگار ایتالیایی خاطرنشان کرد: در سال 1996 دولت قانونی برای ماترا وضع کرد و 100 میلیارد لیر به شهردار ماترا برای بازسازی خانهها داد، چون بیشتر مردم شهر را رها کرده بودند و دولت به این بهانه میخواست که مردم دوباره برگردند. آنها به مردم گفتند که «ساسی دی» یک ملک دولتی است و شما میتوانید خانه مجانی بگیرید و یک قرن در آن زندگی کنید، تنها شرط این خانهها 50% بازسازی برعهده مردم و 50% درصد آن به مسئولیت دولت بود. دولت در این شهر دانشگاه بینالمللی با تحصیل رایگان راهاندازی کرد که از سراسر دنیا برای تحصیل به آنجا میآیند. دولت تمام این امکانات را برای رشد و پیشرفت ماترا انجام میداد تا بعد از جنگ جهانی دوم شهر چهره تاریخی خودش را دوباره بهدست آورد.
این روزنامهنگار ایتالیایی عنوان کرد: در سال 1993 بهعنوان شهر یونسکو انتخاب شدیم و در سال 2014 پایتخت فرهنگی 2019 اروپا معرفی شدیم، شهر کوچک ما سالانه یک میلیون گردشگر دارد و این رقم به قدری زیاد است که این شهر کوچک توان پوشش داد به این همه گردشگر را ندارد. اکنون کتابی درباره وضعیت زندگی ساکنان ماترا در گذشته نوشتم که در این کتاب از خود مردم کمک و راهنمائی گرفتم و زندگی قدیم مردم را در این کتاب بازگو میکنم.
آنتونیو جانوتزی اولین ثبتکننده
این پژوهشگر و روزنامهنگار ایتالیایی درباره زندگی آنتونیو جانوتزی گفت: او فردی نظامیکه برای آزادی وطنش داوطلبانه با اتریش جنگید و همراه 66 نفری که درآن جنگ ماندند به سمت یونان فرار کردند و به پیشنهاد انگلیسیها شش نفر آنها به سمت ایران برای آموزش و تعلیم نظامی آمدند. جانوتزی در دوران قاجار در دارالفنون برای تعلیمات نظامی وآموزش از عکس وتصویر استفاده میکرد. بعد از مدتی به مشهد رفت و اولین عکسهای مذهبی خودش را از حرم امام رضا(ع) و جاهای دیگر شهر گرفت. اکنون مقبره او در آرامگاه دولاب در تهران است و روی سنگ قبرش عکس مریم مقدس بهعنوان سمبل شهر ماترا حکاکی شده است.
پاسکواله دوریا درباره آینده و وضعیت شهر ماترا گفت: اقتصاد تنها از طریق توریست رونق نمیگیرد و اکنون این امکانات را برای جذب توریست درسال 2019 فراهم کردیم ولی برای سالهای بعد و آیندگان برنامههای قابل توجهی داریم وزیرسازی اجتماعی را تقویت میکنیم.
***
در پایان نسرین ترابی به معرفی چند عکس توسط عکاسان از مشهد قدیم پرداخت و پیرامون هرکدام از آنها توضیحاتی را داد.
مرجان فرهمند
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