معنای هرمنوتیک
شاید واژه «هرمنوتیک» را شنیده باشید و حتی در برخی بحثها با آن برخورد کرده باشید. دانستن اینکه این واژه چه معنایی دارد صرف نظر از ریشه لاتین آن، به کاربردهایی اشاره دارد که در گفتوگوها مطرح شده و مخاطبان را شاید کمی سردرگم کند. به عنوان مثال شاید شنیده باشیم که این بحث هرمنوتیکی است!
ژان گروندن در مقدمه کتابی با عنوان «هرمنوتیک» به بررسی چارچوبهای مفهومی این اصطلاح فلسفی پراخته و ساختاری منظم برای شناخت این اصطلاح معرفی کند. آنچه میخوانید مختصری است از برخی قسمتهای کتاب که شما را کمک خواهد کرد درک بهتری از این واژه داشته باشید. گروندن در این کتاب مینویسد: «یکی از معانی احتمالی اصطلاح هرمنوتیک به یک فضای فکری و فرهنگی عاری از حقیقت دلالت دارد که همه چیزش روی پاشنه تفسیر میچرخد. نخستین بار نیچه با تعبیری رعاآسا به این شمول حاکمیت تفسیر اشاره کرد: «واقعیتی وجود ندارد، هر چه هست تفسیر است».
«چنین مفهومی از هرمنوتیک با آنچه که هرمنوتیک همواره در نظر داشته، یعنی مشی حقیقت، در قلمرو تفسیر، کاملا منافات دارد. در واقع هم و غم هرمنوتیک کلاسیک آن بود که برای تحدید خودرأیی و ذهنباوری (سوبژکتیویسم) در حوزههایی که با تفسیر سر و کار دارند قاعده وضع کند. در نتیجه هرمنوتیک سرسپردهی خودرایی و نسبیتگرایی یکسره نقض غرض است. با این حال مسیری که مفهوم کلاسیک هرمنوتیک را به هرمنوتیک پست مدرن وصل میکند عاری از منطق نیست، زیرا گسترش قطعی قلمرو تفسیر بالطبع چنین پیامدی دارد اما قطع به یقین نمیتوان گفت که این گسترش قلمرو میبایست به نسبیتگرایی پست مدرن منتهی میشد.»
در ادامه مولف به سه معنای هرمنوتیک به طور کلی اشاره و آنها را چنین فهرست میکند:
- هرمنوتیک به معنای کلاسیک یعنی فن تفسیر متون که در الهیات و حقوق آغاز شده و در آنها همچنان موضوعیت دارد. (گادامر و پل ریکور به این دسته تعلق دارند)
- هرمنوتیک به مثابه بنیانی روششناختی که این طور هرمنوتیک به یک تأمل روششناختی درباره دعوی حقیقت و شأن علمی علوم انسانی تبدیل شد. (دیلتای بانی این رشته است)
- که بر اساس آن هرمنوتیک به صورت فلسفه کلی تفسیر در آمد. بن مایه این برداشت مبتنی بر این باور است که فهم و تفسیر نه تنها روشهای معمول علوم انسانیاند، بلکه همچنین فرایندهایی بنیادیاند که در بطن خود زندگی جریان دارند. نیای این شکوفایی دو فیلوسوف بودند: ابتدا نیچه و فلسفه کلی تفسیرش و دیگر هایدگر که نسبتش با هرمنوتیک محرزتر بود.
البته این را هم باید اضافه کرد که «در اندیشه هایدگر هرمنوتیک در خدمت فلسفه اگزیستانس قرار میگیرد و قدرت فهم اگزیستانس را به وی متذکر میشود. در این جا از هرمنوتیک متون گذار میکنیم و میرسیم به هرمنوتیک اگزیستانس.»
از کتاب: «هرمنوتیک» نوشته ژان گروندن
خلاصهبرداری و چکیده نویسی از: نوید موسوی
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